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Torrent Pharma focus on new drug launches

The Ahmedabad-based company, part of the Rs 14,000-crore Torrent Group, is the only domestic pharma company that has invested nearly $1 billion in local acquisition over the last three years.

Torrent Pharmaceuticals rose 1.09% to Rs 1,919.05 after the company said its board will meet on Monday, 27 January 2020, to consider fund raising.

A meeting of the board of directors will be held on 27 January 2020 to consider raising funds by issuing equity shares including convertible bonds/debentures through qualified institutional placement (QIP) and/or depository receipts or any other modes.

In 2017, the company acquired the India business of Unichem for Rs 3,600 crore, and before that it had bought distressed Elder Pharma for Rs 2,000 crore, consolidating its position as the No. 8 player in the Indian pharma market. But it is done with large acquisitions for now.

“Our key geographies of India, Brazil and Germany are where we expect future growth avenues to come from. We are seeing from other companies, too, a lot more focus back on the Indian market,” said Aman  Mehta, chief marketing officer of Torrent Pharma.

Aman is the son of Samir Mehta, founder and CEO of Torrent Pharma. He will be expected to take over the reins of the pharma business from his father in the coming years. The 28-year-old, a graduate of Columbia Business School, however, says that as a professionally run organisation, his succession will also be a step-by-step process.

“For us it is about diving deep into one role first and then moving to other roles, rather than the other way round. This is the same thing for others. I am in pharma business, my cousins Jinal and Varun are in power. All of us are hands on. So it is about taking it step-by-step”, Mehta told ET in an exclusive interview.

For now, he said, the focus of the company will be on launching new products in categories such as cardiology and diabetes, which is also the fastest growing therapy segment in India.

Torrent is betting on its new launches like cardiac drug Ticagrelor and anti-diabetic drug Vildagliptin and Remogliflozin for its future quarter growth.

In 2019, Torrent reported 13% growth in sales to Rs 4,328 crore, when the overall market grew at 9%.

The Indian pharma market, once the darling of investors, has come under pressure in the last five years. Regulatory actions in the US markets and policy changes at home, including price cuts and the implementation of GST, have chipped away the double-digit growth of companies that had churned out billionaires from the sector.

Torrent, too, has come under US drug regulator USFDA’s scrutiny for quality issues. Last year, the FDA issued a warning letter for the company’s manufacturing facility in Gujarat, which subsequently halted supplies to the US.

Source

Pharma companies seek hike in drug rates under price control

Pharma companies seek hike in drug rates under price control


Chinese API imports turn 200% costlier, making production costlier in India. Over 70% of the country’s total bulk drug requirement comes from China. These bulk drugs or active pharmaceutical ingredient/Web Link / Source

With a 50-200% rise in the cost of raw materials imported from China, pharmaceutical lobby groups have urged the government to invoke extraordinary powers to hike prices of drugs under price control, according to sources.

Over 70% of the country’s total bulk drug requirement comes from China. These bulk drugs or active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are used in producing medicines, including essential items like antibiotics, vitamins and folic acid.

At a meeting on Wednesday, industry lobby groups like Federation of Pharmaceutical Entrepreneurs (FOPE), Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance and Indian Drugs Manufacturers’ Association (IDMA) submitted recommendations to the department of pharmaceuticals (DoP), health ministry, department of biotechnology and the drug controller general of India (DCGI), seeking to invoke Para 19 of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order for raising prices of all scheduled drugs. Para 19 deals with increase or decrease of d ..

As of now, Para 19 has been used only to reduce the prices of stents and knee implants.

“If the prices become unviable, the government can invoke extraordinary powers and provide escalation in prices,” said an expert on condition of anonymity.

“API price escalation has impacted the economic viability for manufacturing such formulations,” said FOPE president BR Sikri.

APIs are the active raw materials used in a drug that give it the therapeutic effect.

In case of scheduled drugs, the prices can only be revised once in a year based on the Wholesale Price Index (WPI).

Prices of most of the commonly used APIs have increased in the range of 50% to 200%.

“Such increases are making the costing of formulations unviable for the manufacturer,” said another expert.

Over the past one year, nearly 150 API manufacturers in China have shut shop because of stricter environmental standards, leading to the price hike.

“The rates of scheduled products were fixed in 2013 and, in the last many years, the MRP has moved with the WPI. This time, the cost of many raw materials has increased. Due to increase in dollar rate and other facts, there is a significant increase and hence the industry is appealing for the base rates to be reviewed,” said Sunil Attavar, president of Karnataka Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Manufacturers’ Association (KDPMA).

 

GSK to recall Ranitidine from India after regulator alert

GSK to recall Ranitidine from India


GlaxoSmithKline plc is a British multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Brentford, London.  Also GSK has filials in India.

NEW DELHI: British drugmaker GlaxoSmithKlineNSE -1.06 % on Wednesday said it is recalling heartburn drug Ranitidine from India, a day after the country’s drug regulator asked pharma companies to check their products for carcinogen.

“As a precautionary action, GSK has made the decision to initiate a voluntary recall (pharmacy/retail level recall) of Zinetac Tablets 150 mg and 300 mg products manufactured in India using API sourced from Saraca Laboratories Ltd,” a GSK spokesperson said in ..

“Based on the information received and correspondence with regulatory authorities, GSK made the decision to suspend the release, distribution and supply of all dose forms of Ranitidine Hydrochloride products to all markets, including India, as a precautionary action pending the outcome of ongoing tests and investigations,” added the spokesperson, clarifying that the product manufactured using API from SMS Lifesciences will not be recalled from the market at this point of time. source (indiatimes.com)
Ranitidine, sold under the trade name Zantac among others, is a medication which decreases stomach acid production. It is commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. There is also tentative evidence of benefit for hives.

Stem cells lured from red bone marrow by Viagra

Stem cells and Viagra

Using a combination of two well-known medications from the bone marrow of the experimental mice, stem cells were lured.

Medical scientists have proposed a new method for increasing the number of blood stem cells by expelling them from the red bone marrow with two drugs.

Both of them are currently widely used in medicine; the first one is AMD3100, which prevents the cells from returning to the bone marrow, and the second is sildenafil, which is the main active ingredient in all drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Researchers have already tested this combination on laboratory mice. With its help, it is possible to get not much less cells than standard methods, and side effects from this procedure should be much milder.

Viagra, best known as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, is a safe and well-studied drug that promotes the widening of blood vessels (vasodilation), which increases blood flow to tissues. Initially developed as a treatment for high blood pressure, it is now used to treat a variety of vascular disorders, including pulmonary hypertension, altitude sickness, and preeclampsia.

Forsberg’s lab decided to test Viagra’s ability to help mobilize hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow after observing that vascular changes in a strain of mice they were studying led to increased stem cell mobilization. The mice lack the gene for a cell surface protein, Robo4, which the lab’s previous research had shown regulates blood vessel integrity to keep the stem cells in the bone marrow.

Plerixafor, the other drug in the combination, is an inhibitor of Cxcr4, which is a receptor on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells that helps them stick to their niche in the bone marrow. Plerixafor mobilizes the stem cells, but is not very effective on its own.

“When you dilate the blood vessels with Viagra, the cells mobilized by Plerixafor are better able to get out into the blood stream,” Smith-Berdan said.

Viagra by itself did not lead to detectable increases in hematopoietic stem cells in the blood, so patients using it for other reasons need not worry about inadvertent stem cell mobilization, the authors noted.

The Indian pharmaceutical industry

The Indian pharmaceutical industry

The Indian pharmaceutical industry has emerged as a significant contributor to the global pharmaceutical industry. As per the report by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI), “India is the largest provider of generic drugs globally. Indian pharmaceutical sector industry supplies over 50 per cent of global demand for various vaccines, 40 per cent of generic demand in the US and 25 per cent of all the medicine in the UK. Presently over 80 per cent of the antiretroviral drugs used globally to combat AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is supplied by Indian pharmaceutical firms.”

One-of-its kind roadshow hosted more than 500 customers, partners and prospects under one roof in Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chandigarh, Hyderabad and Mumbai

Other partners included global industry leaders such as Ace Technologies, Aptar Pharma, Datwyler, Kaisha Lifesciences, Nemera, Packwell Industries, Shakai Packaging, Smart Skin Technologies, Snowbell Machines, Sovereign Pharma and Vanrx Pharmasystems Inc.

Jayant Joshi, Managing Partner, Shreedhar Group, distributors for Vanrx in India, shared, “We appreciate this association as it is the first time that so many players – representing foreign brands and local players have come together on a common platform. We use Schott Kaisha products and in fact, design our machines accordingly. Such events through the company are instrumental for us to get closer to our customers, gather new learnings and, in turn evolve our solutions.”

Today, India is undoubtedly a huge pharmaceutical market for the world, exerting unmatched strength in manufacturing of generic drugs for US and other global markets. With the Indian pharmaceutical packaging market estimated at Rs 147.8 billion in 2017 and expected to reach Rs 245.5 billion by the end of 2023, there is huge demand for an increased supply of high quality primary packaging material.

Pharmaceutical packaging company Schott Kaisha successfully concluded its five-city roadshow recently, bringing together industry experts, R&D specialists, business and sales leaders for discussions on latest technological advancements and best practices that lead to drug safety.

“We believe this two-pronged focus will enable the BPPI to expand to over 10,000 stores by FY21. With each store achieving monthly sales of around Rs 5 lakh, the scheme is set to top Rs 6,000 crore by FY21,” the report said.

It added that as unbranded generics and Jan Aushadhi gain steam, there will be further pressure on volume, leading to lower revenue growth for branded market.

It further said that branded revenue growth will become a challenge in the coming years as generics market share will keep on increasing.

Sirolimus

Buy Sirolimus. Generic Rapamune Online

Sirolimus has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants.


Active substance Sirolimus
US Brand Rapamune 
IN Brand Rapacan 1
Made by Biocon
Strength 1mg
Form release blister 10 tablets
Shipping time 7 – 18 days
Order
through request form


DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhoto's

Sirolimus is used with other medications to prevent rejection of a kidney transplant.

Sirolimus available for buying in India under brand name Rapacan, you can order Generic Rapamune with delivery to USA, UK, AU, through request page.

Sirolimus is used together with other medicines to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted kidney. It belongs to a group of medicines known as immunosuppressive agents.

When a patient receives an organ transplant, the body’s white blood cells will try to get rid of (reject) the transplanted organ. Sirolimus works by preventing the white blood cells from getting rid of the transplanted organ.

Sirolimus is a very strong medicine. It can cause side effects that can be very serious, such as kidney problems. It may also reduce the body’s ability to fight infections. You and your doctor should talk about the benefits of this medicine as well as the risks.

Sirolimus is also used to treat lymphangioleiomyomatosis, a rare lung disease that affects predominantly women of childbearing age.

The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor’s orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.

The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.

  • For oral dosage forms (oral solution or tablets):
    • For prevention of kidney transplant rejection:
      • Adults and children 13 years of age and older weighing 40 kilograms (kg) or more—2 milligrams (mg) per day after an initial one-time dose of 6 mg. Some patients may require a dose of up to 5 mg per day after an initial one-time dose of 15 mg. However, the dose is usually not more than 40 mg per day.
      • Children 13 years of age and older weighing less than 40 kg—Dose is based on body size as determined by your doctor. The dose is 1 milligram (mg) per square meter [m(2)] of body surface area once a day after an initial one-time dose of 3 mg per square meter [m(2)] of body surface area.
      • Children younger than 13 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
    • For treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis:
      • Adults—At first, 2 milligrams (mg) per day. Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed.
      • Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.

Storage

Keep out of the reach of children.

Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.

Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.

Store the tablets at room temperature in a closed container, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.

Store the oral liquid in the refrigerator. Protect it from direct light and moisture. Do not freeze. You may store the oral liquid at room temperature for a short period of time (not more than 15 days). If you see a slight haze or cloudiness in the bottle, leave it out at room temperature and shake it until the haze disappears. Throw away any unused medicine after 30 days.

Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.

Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:

More common
  1. Abdominal or stomach cramps or pain
  2. accumulation of pus
  3. anxiousness, unexplained
  4. backache
  5. black or red, tarry stools
  6. bleeding from the gums or nose
  7. blurred vision
  8. body aches or pain
  9. bone pain
  10. bruising
  11. burning or stinging of the skin
  12. burning while urinating
  13. burning, dry, or itching eyes
  14. burning, tingling, numbness, or pain in the hands, arms, feet, or legs
  15. change in mental status
  16. changes in skin color
  17. chest pain
  18. chills
  19. confusion
  20. convulsions (seizures)
  21. cough
  22. dark or bloody urine
  23. deafness
  24. decreased urine output
  25. decreased vision
  26. difficulty with breathing or swallowing
  27. dilated neck veins
  28. discharge from the eyes
  29. dizziness
  30. drowsiness
  31. dry mouth
  32. earache
  33. excessive tearing
  34. extreme fatigue
  35. eye pain
  36. facial hair growth in females
  37. faintness or lightheadedness when getting up from lying or sitting position
  38. fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat
  39. fever
  40. flushing or redness of the skin, especially on the face and neck
  41. general feeling of discomfort or illness
  42. increased hunger
  43. increased menstrual flow or vaginal bleeding
  44. itching, pain, redness, swelling, tenderness, or warmth on the skin
  45. lack or loss of appetite
  46. large, flat, blue, or purplish patches in the skin
  47. loss of sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance
  48. loss of voice
  49. muscle pain
  50. nasal congestion
  51. nausea or vomiting
  52. numbness or tingling around the lips, hands, or feet
  53. pain in the chest, groin, or legs, especially the calves
  54. painful cold sores or blisters on the lips, nose, eyes, or genitals
  55. pale skin
  56. prolonged bleeding from cuts
  57. rapid heartbeat
  58. rash
  59. red or dark brown urine
  60. redness or swelling in the ear
  61. redness, pain, or swelling of the eye, eyelid, or inner lining of the eyelid
  62. ringing in the ears
  63. runny nose
  64. sensation of pins and needles
  65. severe constipation
  66. severe vomiting
  67. severe, sudden headache
  68. slurred speech
  69. sore throat
  70. sores or white spots on the lips or in the mouth
  71. stomach pain or upset
  72. sudden decrease in the amount of urine
  73. sudden loss of coordination
  74. sudden, severe weakness or numbness in the arm or leg
  75. sudden, unexplained shortness of breath
  76. sweating
  77. swollen, painful, or tender lymph glands in the neck, armpit, or groin
  78. tenderness, pain, swelling, warmth, skin discoloration, and prominent superficial veins over affected area
  79. tremor
  80. ulcers on the lips or in the mouth
  81. unusual tiredness or weakness
  82. vision changes
  83. weakness or heaviness of the legs
  84. white patches in the mouth or on the tongue
  85. yellow skin and eyes
Less common
  1. Bloating
  2. change in size, shape, or color of existing mole
  3. hoarseness
  4. mole that leaks fluid or bleeds
  5. new mole
  6. pains in the stomach, side or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back
  7. skin ulcer or sores
Incidence not known
  1. Abnormal wound healing
  2. headache
  3. hives or itching
  4. large, hive-like swelling on the face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or sex organs
  5. nails loose or detached
  6. puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue
  7. swelling of the arms or legs
  8. yellow nails lacking a cuticle

Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:

More common
  1. Abnormal vision
  2. acne
  3. belching
  4. blistering, crusting, irritation, itching, or reddening of the skin
  5. burning feeling in the chest or stomach
  6. burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, “pins and needles”, or tingling feeling
  7. constipation
  8. continuing ringing or buzzing or other unexplained noise in the ears
  9. cracked, dry, or scaly skin
  10. crying
  11. decrease in frequency of urination
  12. degenerative disease of the joint
  13. depersonalization
  14. diarrhea
  15. difficulty with moving
  16. difficulty with passing urine (dribbling)
  17. dysphoria
  18. ear pain
  19. enlarged abdomen or stomach
  20. euphoria
  21. excess air or gas in the stomach or intestines
  22. excessive muscle tone, muscle tension or tightness
  23. fear
  24. feeling sad or empty
  25. hearing loss
  26. heartburn
  27. inability to have or keep an erection
  28. increase in heart rate
  29. increased hair growth, especially on the face
  30. increased urge to urinate during the night
  31. indigestion
  32. irritation in the mouth
  33. joint pain or swelling
  34. leg cramps
  35. loss of bladder control
  36. loss of energy or weakness
  37. loss of interest or pleasure
  38. loss of strength
  39. lower abdominal or stomach pain
  40. muscle aches, pain, stiffness, or weakness
  41. nervousness
  42. pain in the back, ribs, arms, or legs
  43. pain or burning in the throat
  44. pain or tenderness around the eyes and cheekbones
  45. paranoia
  46. pelvic pain
  47. quick to react or overreact emotionally
  48. rapid breathing
  49. rapidly changing moods
  50. inflammation, redness, or swelling of the gums or mouth
  51. shaking or trembling
  52. shivering
  53. sleepiness
  54. sunken eyes
  55. swelling
  56. swelling of the scrotum
  57. tender or enlarged gums
  58. tenderness in the stomach area
  59. thickening of the skin
  60. trouble concentrating
  61. trouble sleeping
  62. waking to urinate at night

Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.

Buy Latisse Generic | Careprost

Careprost is a bimatoprost eye drop that makes your eyelashes grow longer.


Active substance Bimatoprost
US Brand Latisse 
IN Brand Bimat | Careprost
Made by Ajanta | Sun Pharma
Strength 0.03%
Form release Bottle 3ml
Shipping time 7 – 18 days
Order
through request form


DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhoto's

Our company offer to buy generic latisse for personal use from India, at best prices. if you wish to order Careprost, or to know prices, please, contact us via request page.


The medication bimatoprost — marketed under the brand name Latisse — is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat inadequate eyelashes (hypotrichosis). Bimatoprost is also marketed under the brand name Lumigan, which is used in prescription eyedrops to treat glaucoma. Eyelash growth was an unexpected side effect of Lumigan, which led to the creation and marketing of Latisse. You can order Generic for Latisse or Lumigan, through current website.

The recommended dose of bimatoprost eye solution is one drop (using the provided disposable applicator), applied once daily at night to the upper eyelid margin of each eye, at the base of the eyelashes.

This medication should not be applied more than once daily. Applying bimatoprost eye solution more often than once daily will not increase the growth of eyelashes.

Many things can affect the dose of a medication that a person needs, such as body weight, other medical conditions, and other medications. If your doctor has recommended a dose different from the ones listed here, do not change the way that you are using the medication without consulting your doctor.

This medication is for external use only. Do not allow the dropper tip to touch the fingers or any other surface because this could contaminate the tip with common bacteria known to cause eye infections. To apply this medication, use the sterile, disposable applicators that come with the medication.

To apply the solution:

  1. Wash your face to ensure that it is clean.
  2. Remove contact lenses, if you wear them.
  3. Remove one sterile applicator from its tray. Hold the sterile applicator horizontally and place one drop of bimatoprost eye solution on the area closest to the tip.
  4. Draw the applicator across the skin of the upper eyelid margin, where the eyelashes meet the skin. Apply the solution evenly, starting at the inner part of your lash line and moving to the outer part.
  5. Blot any excess solution that extends beyond the eyelid margin.
  6. Safely dispose of the applicator.
  7. Using a new sterile applicator, repeat the process for the other eye.

Do not apply this medication to the lower eyelash line.

It is important to use this medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor. If you miss a dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Do not apply a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you are not sure what to do after missing a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist for advice.

If bimatoprost eye solution gets in your eyes, there is no need to rinse the eye as it is not expected to cause harm.

If you wear contact lenses, remove them before applying bimatoprost eye solution. They may be reinserted 15 minutes after applying the medication.

Store this medication between 2°C to 25°C (36°F and 77°F) and keep it out of the reach of children.

Do not dispose of medications in wastewater (e.g. down the sink or in the toilet) or in household garbage. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medications that are no longer needed or have expired.

Eye redness/discomfort/itching/dryness or eyelid redness may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

Buy Valacyclovir Online

Here you can find generic valtrex.


Active substance Valacyclovir
US Brand Valtrex
IN Brand Centrex / Valcivir
Made by Centurion  / Cipla
Strength 500mg, 1000mg
Form release blister 10  pills / 3 pllls
Shipping time 7 – 18 days
Order
through request form


DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhotos

Generic Valacyclovir (Centrex from Centurion lab, Valtrex by Cipla) is used to treat infections caused by certain types of viruses. In children, it is used to treat cold sores around the mouth (caused by herpes simplex) and chickenpox (caused by varicella zoster). In adults, it is used to treat shingles (caused by herpes zoster) and cold soresaround the mouth.

In your body, valacyclovir becomes the anti-herpes medicine, acyclovir. Although valacyclovir will not cure shingles or genital herpes, it does help relieve the pain and discomfort and helps the sores heal faster.

Generic Valtrex is an antiviral drug. It slows the growth and spread of the herpes virus so that the body can fight off the infection. Valacyclovir will not cure herpes, but it can lessen the symptoms of the infection.

Valacyclovir is used to treat infections caused by herpes viruses in adults and children. Illnesses caused by herpes viruses include genital herpes, cold sores, shingles, and chickenpox.

Valacyclovir (generic for Valtrex) is a medication approved by the FDA to treat different types of herpes infections including HSV-1 and HSV-2. It is also used to treat shingles (herpes zoster), which is caused by the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Valacyclovir comes in 500 mg and 1000 mg tablets.


Through our website, you may request prices for generic valtrex and shipping rates to your country. Valacyclovir shipped from India with 2 – 3 days, and shipping time usually takes 10 – 20 days. We can offer discounts on Generic Valtrex if you would like to pay via Bitcoin, in any case our prices on Generic Valtrex from India, is lower than from other suppliers.


Valacyclovir hydrochloride is an antiviral prescription medicine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the following treatment and prevention uses for certain types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection:

  • To treat initial or recurrent episodes of genital herpes in healthy adults
  • To treat cold sores (also known as herpes labialis, orolabial herpes, or orolabial lesions) in adults and children
  • To prevent genital herpes outbreaks in adults living with HIV
  • To reduce the risk of transmitting genital herpes to other people

Valacyclovir hydrochloride is also approved for the following treatment uses forvaricella zoster virus(VZV) infections:

  • To treat shingles (also known as herpes zoster) in adults
  • To treat chicken pox (also known as primary varicella infection) in children

HSV and VZV infections are opportunistic infections (OIs) of HIV. An OI is an infection that occurs more frequently or is more severe in people with weakened immune systems—such as people with HIV—than in people with healthy immune systems. To learn more about OIs, read the AIDSinfo What is an Opportunistic Infection? fact sheet.

One of the most important advances in herpes treatment came with the knowledge that transmission from an infected person to their uninfected partner could be reduced by the use of valacyclovir. Valacyclovir not only reduces the number of outbreaks a person experiences when using the medication every day but it reduces the number of days that someone sheds the virus asymptomatically. That results in fewer uninfected partners catching herpes. If a condom is worn and the medication used, the chances are reduced at least in half compared to using a condom alone. Fewer outbreaks and fewer episodes of shedding mean fewer people become infected.

For oral herpes (HSV-1), medications can be used to abort an outbreak. At that earliest sign that an outbreak is about to occur, take two tablets of Valacyclovir 1000 mg, for a total of 2000 mg, as the first dose. Then, 12 hours later, take 2 tablets of 1000 mg of Valacyclovir, for a total of 2000 mg, as the second and final dose. The second dose can be taken sooner than 12 hours but never before 6 hours have passed. Adequate hydration makes sure the medicine is cleared through the kidneys as it should be.

If you decide to buy generic valtrex, you should to know, that valacylovir, has side effects, that you need to know,

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop taking valacyclovir and call your doctor right away if you have any of the following signs of a serious side effect that can harm red blood cells:

  • fever, easy bruising or bleeding;
  • red spots on the skin (not related to herpes or chickenpox);
  • bloody diarrhea, vomiting;
  • pale or yellowed skin;
  • weakness or fainting; or
  • urinating less than usual or not at all.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

 

42 non-scheduled cancer drugs under price control

Govt brings 42 non-scheduled cancer drugs under price control


In a move that could benefit over 1.5 million cancer patients by reducing their out-of-pocket expenses, the Union government on February 27 capped trade margins of 42 cancer drugs.

The government invoked paragraph 19 of DPCO, 2013, to fix trade margins at 30 percent and directed manufacturers to fix their retail price based on the price at first point of sale of product or Price to Stockist.

A trade margin is a difference between the price at which the manufacturers sell the drugs to stockist or distributors and the final price to patients (or maximum retail price)

The government notification shall be valid for one year from the date of notification.

“..considering the high trade margin in the sale of drugs leading to high out of pocket expenses on healthcare, the Government hereby, seeks to undertake the matter of price control through a ‘Trade Margin Rationalisation Approach’,” the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) notification said.

“And therefore, in order to bring in the regulation of drugs in the ‘non-scheduled’ segment the Government hereby seeks to undertake a Pilot for Proof of Concept by capping prices of select Anti-Cancer drugs, identified by the MoHFW as being essential for the treatment of this disease,” the notification added.

As per the WHO estimate, there are approximately 18 million cases globally and 1.5 million in India alone. There were eight lakh cancer deaths in India in 2018. The number of new cases is estimated to rise to double in India in 2040.

The financial burden associated with cancer can force patients and households to acute misery and even insolvency. It is also noted that out of pocket (OOP) expenditure on cancer hospitalization is about 2.5 times of overall average hospitalization expenditure. While catastrophic expenditure on cancer inpatient treatment is highest among all NCDs, poor health financing mechanisms and heavy reliance on out-of-pocket healthcare payments compel several cancer patients to resort to distressed means for treatment financing.

“It is estimated that almost more than 50% cancer patients avail the private sector facilities and out of pocket expenses in the Health care including cancer care is about around 65 percent,” NPPA said.

The All India Drug Action Network (AIDAN) that represents a network of healthcare NGOs and activists said the retail prices are not likely to be significantly affected through this move.

“However, by imposing mandatory margin caps, patients will benefit in hospitals which were undoubtedly indulging in profiteering by taking massive cuts,” AIDAN said.

The government said Wednesday it has brought 42 non-scheduled anti-cancer drugs under price control, capping trade margin at 30 per cent, which would reduce their retail prices by up to 85 per cent. The National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) has invoked extraordinary powers in public interest, under Para 19 of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013 to bring 42 non-scheduled anti-cancer drugs under price control through trade margin rationalisation, an official release said.


“Invoking paragraph 19 of DPCO, 2013, the government hereby puts a cap on trade margin of 30 per cent and directs manufacturers to fix their retail price based on price at first point of sale of product… of the non-scheduled formulations containing any of the 42 drugs,” the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DOP) said in a notification. As per data available with NPPA, the MRP for 105 brands will be reduced up to 85 per cent entailing minimum saving of Rs 105 crore to consumers, it added.

Currently, 57 anti-cancer drugs are under price control as scheduled formulations. Now 42 non-scheduled anti-cancer medicines have been selected for price regulation by restricting trade margin on the selling price (MRP) up to 30 per cent, the notification said. “These would cover 72 formulations and 355 brands as per data available with NPPA. More data is being collected from hospitals and manufacturers to finalise the list,” it added.

The drug manufacturers have been given seven days to recalculate the prices and inform the NPPA, state drug controllers, stockists and retailers, it said. The revised prices shall come into effect from March, 8, it added. The NPPA currently fixes prices of drugs placed in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) under Schedule-I of the DPCO. So far, around 1000 drugs have been brought under price control under the initiative. Non-scheduled drugs are allowed an increase of up to 10 per cent in prices every year, which is monitored by the NPPA.

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India’s first draft guidelines on nano-medicines

India’s first draft guidelines on nano-medicines


The department of biotechnology (DBT) has put out India’s first draft guidelines on evaluation of nanopharmaceuticals for public consultation till March 10.

Nanopharmaceuticals are drug preparations that use nanoparticles the size of 1 to 100 nm as carriers for targetted delivery of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. As the drugs can be targeted to the site of the disease using the nanocarriers, it improves the safety and efficacy of certain drugs by lowering its dose and, thereby, reducing toxicity.

“This is a guideline document that will help the drug controller in evaluating nanopharmaceuticals and approving them for use in the Indian market. This document will also guide researchers on how to get their product approved. Currently, there are no nanopharmaceuticals in India but this is a proactive step as research on nanomedicine is on-going,” said Renu Swarup, secretary, DBT.

As part of India’s nano mission, the DBT and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) have been funding studies for formulation of drugs with nanoparticles for cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, pain management and to combat antimicrobial resistance.

“There are uses in diagnostics etc, which are not covered by these guidelines. The department will work on separate guidelines for diagnostics and applications in agriculture etc,” said Swarup.

“When the drug is in the nanoform, there are changes in pharmacokinetics or how it gets absorbed, distributed in the body, metabolised or excreted. The pharmacodynamics also change, meaning the way it binds with receptors. This may result in change in dosage, unexpected side effects etc.

Hence, there is a need for additional tests apart from the ones mentioned in Schedule Y of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,” said Dr YK Gupta, the chairperson of the committee that drafted the guidelines.

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USFDA in India

USFDA supports generics made in India

The Indian drug makers are finally seeing a recovery with most of their factories being cleared by the US watchdog.


Mumbai: Indian drug companies have got a shot in the arm with the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) chief coming out in support of generics manufactured in India and the US to dispel fears over such medicines.

Generics account for 90% of the US drug market — up from 33% three decades ago. FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb’s statement boosted the S&P BSE Healthcare index, which gained 0.7% on Monday.

For Indian drug makers, whose major part of business comes from the sale of generics in the US, Gottlieb’s statement has given a respite from the poor perception of generics as well as Indian-made drugs.

“Generic drugs are just as safe and effective as their branded drug counterparts… Generic medicines use the same active ingredients as brand-name medicines and work the same way, so they have the same risks and benefits,” Gottlieb wrote in a newsletter.

The FDA chief said the regulator’s rigorous standards and inspections apply equally to both generic and branded drugs — whether the medicines are being manufactured in Shandong, India, or in Indiana, USA.

In FY2017-18, the FDA tested 323 products from around the world — including more than 100 from India – to determine if foreign manufacturers had a higher incidence of product failure. All 323 samples met the US market quality standards using testing standards set by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) or submitted in marketing applications, the regulator said. Though the inspections by the USFDA declined slightly in China from 2017-18, inspections in India have increased substantially, according to Gottlieb.

The Indian drug makers, hit by regulatory action on their manufacturing factories, are finally seeing a recovery with most of their factories being cleared by the US watchdog.

 

Generic Aromasin

Here you can order or request prices for generic aromasin (exemestane)


Active substance Exemestane
US Brand Aromasin ®
IN Brand X-Tane
Made by Natco
Strength 25mg
Form release bottle 30 tablets
Shipping time 7 – 18 days
Order
through request form


DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhotos

Exemestane belongs to a group of medicines known as aromatase inhibitors. Aromatase Inhibitors interfere with a substance called aromatase, which is needed to produce the female sex hormones, called oestrogens, especially in postmenopausal women. Reduction in oestrogen levels in the body is a way of treating hormone dependent breast cancer.

Exemestane is used

  • to treat hormone dependent early breast cancer in postmenopausal women after they have completed 2-3 years of treatment with the medicine tamoxifen
  • to treat hormone dependent advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women when a different hormonal drug treatment has not worked well enough.

Generic Aromasin sells in India about 10 years, under India brand name “X-Tane” mady by trusted company Natco.  We offer best prices for this medecine. Quickest and guarantee delivery to your address. For ordering Exemestane 25mg you need send us request for the ordering or prices, and we will touch in shortly.


Tablets for oral administration contain 25 mg of exemestane, an irreversible, steroidal aromatase inactivator. Exemestane is chemically described as 6-methylenandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione. Its molecular formula is C20H24O2 and its structural formula is as follows:

 

The active ingredient is a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 296.41. Exemestane is freely soluble in N, N-dimethylformamide, soluble in methanol, and practically insoluble in water.

Each Exemestane Tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: mannitol, crospovidone, polysorbate 80, hypromellose, colloidal silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, simethicone, polyethylene glycol 6000, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, titanium dioxide, methylparaben, and polyvinyl alcohol.

Medical Aromasin Dosage

Within medicine,  Generic Aromasin – Xtane (Exemestane) is approved by doctors the treatment of post-menopausal female breast cancer patients as an adjunctive treatment when first-line treatments (such as Generic Nolvadex) have failed to work. The standard protocol among the medical establishment is that of commencing Generic Aromasin administration approximately 2 – 3 years following the failure of Generic Nolvadex in a patient. This is where Nolvadex administration is to be halted, and the use of Generic Aromasin begins for a determined 5 year period in which Nolvadex is utilized alongside Exemestane.

Exemestane dosages under the aforementioned breast cancer treatment are that of a single 25mg dose daily (prescription guidelines also suggest that Generic Aromasin doses be administered following a meal).

Recommended Dose

The recommended dose of AROMASIN in early and advanced breast cancer is one 25 mg tablet once daily after a meal.

  • adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer who have received two to three years of tamoxifen and are switched to AROMASIN for completion of a total of five consecutive years of adjuvant hormonal therapy.
  • the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women whose disease has progressed following tamoxifen therapy.

The recommended dose of Exemestane is one 25 mg tablet to be taken once daily, preferably after a meal.

In patients with early breast cancer, treatment with Exemestane should continue until completion of five years of combined sequential adjuvant hormonal therapy (tamoxifen followed by Exemestane), or earlier if tumour relapse occurs.

In patients with advanced breast cancer, treatment with Exemestane should continue until tumour progression is evident.

Generic Aromasin Dosage During Anabolic Steroid Use

As with most/all ancillary compounds, Exemestane cannot be categorized into the three tiers of users (beginner, intermediate, and advanced) as normally outlined and listed in common profiles of the different compounds and drugs. This is due to the fact that GEneric Aromasin is an ancillary drug not particularly used for the purpose of performance enhancement, but instead is utilized to combat or mitigate various Estrogen-related side effects when aromatizable anabolic steroids are utilized.

Generic Aromasin holds several different capabilities of use aside from its Estrogen blocking capabilities, and not only is its Estrogen blocking capabilities a step above the other major aromatase inhibitors, but its ability to increase Testosterone levels is as well. This will be covered in greater detail very shortly, under Aromasin’s use during PCT (Post Cycle Therapy).

For the purpose of Estrogen control during a cycle: It is well established that Exemestane is very effective at reducing total Estrogen levels via the inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. But how much Exemestane is required and how often are factors that are largely dependent on the doses of aromatizable anabolic steroids used, the individual’s sensitivity to aromatase inhibitors, and the rate of aromatization of the anabolic steroids used. With this being said, the general range of Exemestane doses are 12.5 – 1mg daily. As with all aromatase inhibitors, there is always room for adjustment in relation to the user’s experiences at a particular Aromasin dose and dose frequency. Often times, adjustment is necessary with a powerful and very potent aromatase inhibitor such as Aromasin. Aromasin dosages of 12.5mg every other day is enough for Estrogen control, which is commonly utilized among the anabolic steroid using community. Once again, adjustments are a normal part of aromatase inhibitor use.

It is very important for the reader to be reminded to always keep in mind that the use of an aromatase inhibitor is for the purpose of Estrogen control in order to restore circulating Estrogen levels back to normal physiological levels following an increase due to aromatization. Complete reduction and/or elimination of Estrogen levels often result in negative effects on the body.

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°–30°C (59°–86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

In general, Exemestane is well tolerated and the following side effects observed in patients treated with Exemestane are mainly mild or moderate in nature. Most of the side effects are associated with a shortage of oestrogen (e.g. hot flushes).

Hypersensitivity, inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and inflammation of the bile ducts of the liver sometimes causing yellowing of the skin (cholestatic hepatitis) may occur. Symptoms include feeling generally unwell, nausea, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), itching, right sided abdominal pain and loss of appetite

Important things to remember about the side effects of exemestane:

  • Most people do not experience all of the side effects listed.
  • Side effects are often predictable in terms of their onset and duration.
  • Side effects are almost always reversible and will go away after treatment is complete.
  • There are many options to help minimize or prevent side effects.
  • There is no relationship between the presence or severity of side effects and the effectiveness of the medication.

The following side effects are common (occurring in greater than 30%) for patients taking exemestane:

  • Hot Flashes

These side effects are less common side effects (occurring in about 10-29%) of patients receiving exemestane:

  • Bone pain/Decreased bone mineral density
  • Joint pain (arthralgias)
  • Increased sweating
  • High blood pressure(hypertension)
  • Hair thinning
  • Insomnia (sleep problems)
  • Nausea(mild)
  • Fatigue
  • Abdominal pain
  • Depression
  • Pain

Not all side effects are listed above. Some that are rare (occurring in less than 10% of patients) are not listed here. However, you should always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms.

When to contact your doctor or health care provider:

Contact your health care provider immediately, day or night, if you should experience any of the following symptoms:

  • Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
  • Having thoughts or feeling like you may want to harm yourself or others

The following symptoms require medical attention, but are not an emergency. Contact your health care provider within 24 hours of noticing any of the following:

  • Vaginal bleeding (similar to a period)

Always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms.

Precautions:

  • Before starting Exemestane treatment, make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking (including prescription, over-the-counter, vitamins, herbal remedies, etc.).
  • Exemestane can cause decreased bone mineral density due to decreases in estrogen levels. Your doctor will monitor your bone mineral density and may prescribe calcium supplements, vitamin D supplements, or other medications to help prevent osteoporosis and bone fractures.
  • Do not receive any kind of immunization or vaccination without your doctor’s approval while taking Exemestane.
  • Inform your health care professional if you are pregnant or may be pregnant prior to starting this treatment. Pregnancy category X (Exemestane may cause fetal harm when given to a pregnant woman. This drug must not be given to a pregnant woman or a woman who intends to become pregnant. If a woman becomes pregnant while taking Exemestane, the medication must be stopped immediately and the woman given appropriate counseling).
  • For both men and women: Use contraceptives, and do not conceive a child (get pregnant) while taking Exemestane. Barrier methods of contraception, such as condoms, are recommended. Discuss with your doctor when you may safely become pregnant or conceive a child after therapy.
  • Do not breast feed while taking Exemestane.

Self-Care Tips:

  • Take Exemestane after a meal; at about the same time every day.
  • Exemestane causes little nausea. But if you should experience nausea, take anti-nausea medications are prescribed by your doctor, and eat small frequent meals. Such on lozenges and chewing gum may also help.
  • In general, drinking alcoholic beverages should be kept to a minimum or avoided completely. You should discuss this with your doctor.
  • If you are experiencing hot flashes, wearing light clothing, staying in a cool environment, and putting cool cloths on your head may reduce symptoms. Consult your health care provider if these worsen, or become intolerable.
  • Acetaminophen or ibuprofen may help relieve discomfort generalized aches and pains. However, be sure to talk with your doctor before taking it.
  • Get plenty of rest.
  • Maintain good nutrition.
  • If you experience symptoms or side effects, be sure to discuss them with your health care team. They can prescribe medications and/or offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems.

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The ↑ and ↓ of Testosterone

Getting a high testosterone reading offers bragging rights for some men of a certain age — and may explain in part the lure of testosterone supplements. But once you are within a normal range, does your level of testosterone, the male hormone touted to build energy, libido and confidence, really tell you that much?

Probably not, experts say.

Normal testosterone levels in men range from about 300 to 1,000 nanograms per deciliter of blood. Going from one number within the normal zone to another one may not pack much of a punch.

“You don’t see the big improvement once men are within the normal range,” said Dr. Shalender Bhasin, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. The largest differences in terms of energy and sex drive are when men go from below-normal to normal levels.

A 2015 study in JAMA found that sex drive improved among men who went from about 230, considered low, to 500, around the middle of what’s considered normal. There was no difference among men who moved within the normal range from 300 to 500.

11 Warning Signs of Low Testosterone

The latest research suggests that guys without enough of the hormone face a higher risk of several serious conditions including diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. 

Low Sex Drive
Erectile Dysfunction
Low Fluid Level
Genital Numbness
Fatigue
Decreased Energy
Mood Problems
Irritability
Reduced Muscle Mass
More Body Fat
Shrinkage


Testosterone does influence muscle size. The more testosterone a man takes, the larger the muscle — regardless of starting level, one reason the hormone is popular with young bodybuilders. But testosterone supplements do not seem to help frail older men walk farther or get out of chairs more easily, goals that doctors typically look for in aiding older patients.

Beginning at age 30, testosterone levels drop, on average, about 1 percent a year. About 5 percent of men between the ages of 50 and 59 have low levels of testosterone along with symptoms like loss of libido and sluggishness, according to a few small studies.

The Food and Drug Administration approves testosterone gels and shots only for men with levels under 300, including those who have diseases that cause hormone levels to plummet, such as a pituitary tumor or injury to the testicles. Those men are truly lacking the hormone, so returning the levels to normal can help restore sex drive and energy. Insurance companies typically require two morning testosterone readings of less than 300 nanograms per deciliter plus symptoms of low testosterone before they reimburse for supplements.

In March, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism published the Endocrine Society’s latest guidelines, which concur with the F.D.A. The group stated that testosterone therapy should only be given for men who have proven low levels of testosterone and avoided in men who have had a stroke or heart attack within the last six months or who are at high risk for prostate cancer.

But testosterone numbers are far from an exact science.

Keith Hall, a 48-year-old petrochemical operator from Baytown, Tex., sought out a men’s health doctor at Baylor College of Medicine because he was tired and lacked libido. His initial testosterone level was below normal, around 202. The urologist he ended up seeing, Dr. Alexander Pastuszak, offered him testosterone shots that raised his levels into the normal range and made him feel better.

Edward Blake, a 53-year-old forklift driver from Houston, sought out the same doctor for the same reasons. His testosterone measured 450, within the normal range. “I was feeling kind of tired and stuff, but after the third shot, I’m lifting things with no problem,” said Mr. Blake. He said in addition to feeling stronger, his sex drive improved.

Dr. Pastuszak said he primarily prescribes testosterone to men in the F.D.A.’s low category but will sometimes let other men with symptoms try it. “If you have these guys in the mid range and you put them on it, the majority will say they want to stay on it,” he said, adding that most men will say it makes them feel better and boosts their sex drive. But is that the power of suggestion or the power of the hormone?

“The reality is we don’t have the answer,” said Dr. Pastuszak, noting that there’s a big gray area. “I have to take their word that they feel better on it, whether that’s real or whether it’s placebo.”

Complicating matters, testosterone levels fluctuate, peaking around 8 a.m. and diminishing throughout the day. Levels tend to be lowest around 8 in the evening, then climb during the night. The peaks and valleys are larger for men 40 and younger compared to men in their 70s. (For a 40-year-old, a morning testosterone reading may be 200 points higher than in the evening, versus a 50-point difference for a 70-year-old.)

And all sorts of things can nudge levels in either direction.

Resistance training increases levels, as does a high-intensity workout. Even watching your favorite sports team win can nudge numbers up, as a 1998 study that measured testosterone among basketball fans before and after a game found. (Testosterone levels declined among those rooting for the losers.) Still, any gains from such activities tend to be fleeting; levels generally return to the individual’s normal within a half-hour or so.

And just as there are things men can do to boost levels, there are activities that lower testosterone scores. Endurance exercises, such as marathon training or cycling long distances, can lower levels, as can stress. Dr. Bhasin said that the kind of training endured by special armed forces — tough exercise, lack of sleep and food — can cause testosterone to drop to the levels of men who have been castrated — lower than 50.

Obesity causes testosterone levels to plummet — while losing 10 percent of body fat can increase levels by 100 points. Even taking care of the kids for several hours can cause levels to drop, a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reported. Flu and other viral illnesses can also cause levels to drop, so you should hold off testing until you’re fully recovered.

Some peoples take testosterone gel for their easy therapy with low testosterone.


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Treating diarrhea in Crohn’s disease

Treating diarrhea in Crohn’s disease


Diarrhea is a common symptom of Crohn’s disease. There are several anti-diarrheal medications that a person with Crohn’s can use to treat acute bouts of diarrhea.
Crohn’s disease causes long-term inflammation of the digestive tract and typically affects the end of the small intestine or the beginning of the colon.

Common symptoms of Crohn’s include:

» Diarrhea «
» Stomach pain «
» Rectal bleeding «
» Unintended weight loss «
» Fatigue «
» Fever «

People with Crohn’s disease can find diarrhea a particularly troubling symptom. It can come on unexpectedly and interfere with daily activities significantly. If left untreated, diarrhea can also lead to serious health complications, such as severe dehydration.In this article, we look at different anti-diarrheal drug treatments for people with Crohn’s disease along with some general tips for managing diarrhea.

Prescription med’s for diarrhea


Colesevelam

Woman taking a pill which is an anti-diarrheal treatment for crohn’s
A doctor may prescribe anti-diarrheal treatment when a person has Crohn’s disease and diarrhea.

Colesevelam is a type of drug known as a bile acid sequestrant. Colesevelam is used along with diet, weight loss, and exercise to reduce the amount of cholesterol and certain fatty substances in the blood.These drugs treat diarrhea by regulating the amount of bile acid in the digestive system.

Bile acids help the body to digest food. However, in some people with Crohn’s disease, particularly those who have had part of the small bowel removed, bile acids can build up in the bowel and cause diarrhea.

Colesevelam is a prescription medication that comes in tablet form.

Diphenoxylate

Diphenoxylate is a synthetic opioid that treats diarrhea by slowing down the passage of stool through the intestines. Diphenoxylate is a centrally active opioid drug of the phenylpiperidine series that is used in a combination drug with atropine for the treatment of diarrhea. Diphenoxylate is an opioid and acts by slowing intestinal contractions; the atropine is present to prevent drug abuse and overdose.

Doctors usually prescribe diphenoxylate in combination with fluid and electrolyte replacement measures to treat people with severe diarrhea.

Because diphenoxylate can become addictive, manufacturers combine it with atropine to cause unpleasant side effects if a person takes too much of the medication. It is, therefore, essential to carefully follow the doctor’s instructions when taking diphenoxylate.

How Can I Feel Better?


Your rectal area may become sore because of all the bowel movements diarrhea brings. And you may have itching, burning, or pain when you go to the bathroom.

For relief, take a warm bath. Afterwards, pat the area dry (do not rub) with a clean, soft towel. You may also want to use a hemorrhoid cream or white petroleum jelly on the affected area.

 

Sources: Webmd.comMedical News

Pharma companies do 40% of US generics

Pharma companies & US generics


The volume share of Indian pharma companies in the US generic market has grown to nearly 40% in August despite regulatory woes and pricing pressures. A steady increase in drug approvals and portfolio rationalisation by MNCs resulted in India’s volume share rising by 5% over the last few months, though value is still impacted due to price erosion.

The US, the most lucrative generics market valued at around $60 billion, accounts for 40-60% of revenues of most domestic companies — including Sun PharmaNSE 2.02 %, CiplaNSE 1.96 %, LupinNSE 4.23 % and Aurobindo — with an overall share of around $10 billion.

Over the last couple of years, channel consolidation and deep pricing pressure has hit generic companies, leading to biggies like Teva, Mylan and Sandoz recently rationalising their portfolio. This has given ground for Indian companies to increase their hold in the US market and it can continue to rise as the portfolio rationalisation is far from over since new (domestic) companies are still awaiting approvals in base products, according to an analyst from DSP Merrill Lynch India.

Planned portfolio exits from large MNC firms have taken India’s volume share up 4 percentage points in the last six months. Around 100 generic drug discontinuations have already been registered with the American regulator USFDA till now, largely from these MNCs, with their share in the US market plummeting to all-time lows — dropping to the level of Indian generic makers. For example, Mylan’s latest rolling four-week marketshare at 6.1% is already neck and neck with Lupin and Aurobindo, while market leader Teva is at 12.6% share — down 140 basis points y-o-y (100bps = 1 percentage point).
The volume-led upside in certain companies is not well reflected as yet, but will soon drive growth in the near and mid-term, and drive earnings 5-7% higher in FY19-20, the analyst adds. Not only have drug approvals of ‘plain-vanilla’ generics surged in the US, but an increasing number of domestic companies are manufacturing ‘complex first generic’ products.

AT Kearney partner (healthcare and pharma) Abhishek Malhotra says, “The first stage of growth was based on leveraging India’s high-quality and low-cost manufacturing base, and primarily focused on generic drugs. Given the pressure on pricing, increased competition and higher regulatory scrutiny, many leading Indian companies have embarked on the second leg of the growth journey. This includes moving up the value chain and developing more complex and specialty drugs and acquiring US companies to have manufacturing and R&D assets in the US.”

PwC India leader (pharmaceutical & life sciences) Sujay Shetty says complex generics and speciality products, which are difficult to manufacture, and niche drugs could add value for domestic companies in the near to mid-term as they are more resilient to pricing pressure.

Viagra is set to get cheaper, thanks to Indian pharma companies

Viagra is set to get cheaper, thanks to Indian pharma companies


Pfizer’s Viagra patent is up for grabs and Indian pharmaceutical companies are on the prowl.

Viagra — equal parts erectile dysfunction treatment and dubious subject line starter in your spam folder — is set to get a lot less expensive. That is if Indian pharmaceutical corporations have their way. Pfizer, the American Pharma giant that manufactures the drug, is set to lose its patent.  Although sildenafil, the drug sold under the Viagra brand name, was originally intended to help people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, it was discovered that the drug could induce strong penile erections. To treat erectile dysfunction, Pfizer filed a patent for the drug that was later marketed as Viagra in 1994.

Image clickable, more information for ordering cheap generic viagra from india

The Pfizer patent which allows the formulation of Viagra, a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) among men, ends by 2020. Since America is India’s largest market for medicines, this move will open new avenues for Indian pharma companies. They will look to target the almost five crore American men who suffer from ED. Seven Indian companies have already secured permission and are a part of the 15 company group that has been granted approval by US health authority, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to produce sildenafil citrate — the primary drug of Viagra.

The Indian companies currently in the fray to sell the Blue Pill are Rubicon Research, Hetero Drugs, Macleods Pharma, Dr Reddy’s, Aurobindo Pharma, Torrent Pharmaceuticals and Ajanta Pharma. The Indian companies are also working on plans to lower the price of Viagra by almost 99 per cent. According to a report in The Hindustan Times, The pill that cost around $65 (a little over 4,400 ruppes) currently in the US will see a huge drop in the prices once the Indian companies are allowed. The Mumbai-based Macleods Pharmaceuticals, which started exporting its products to the US in 2012, sells their version of Viagra in India called the Macsutra for just ruppes 58 per tablet. Even Ajanta Pharma, a publicly-listed form sells its version in India for just ruppes 32 per tablet.

The Indian company’s entry to the American markets will definitely leave a dent on Pfizer’s profits. The company earned over $1.68 billion (ruppes 11,535 crore) thanks to Viagra sales in 2014. In a research conducted by Transparency Market Research, the global erectile dysfunction drug market itself was valued at $4.35 billion (ruppes 29,876 crore) in 2016. But the Indian firms entering the US markets will have to contend with the rising FDA license fees. The FDA had earlier increased the fee by over 65 ruppes lakh from ruppes 45 lakh to 1.1 ruppes crore for the 2018 fiscal year.

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Buy Imovane Online

Generic Imovane from India, Zopiclone 7.5mg under brand name: ZOP


Active substance Zopiclone
US Brand Imovane
IN Brand ZOP
Made by HAB
Strength 7.5mg
Form release blister 10  pills
Shipping time 7 – 18 days
Order
through request form


DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhotos

Insomnia, or poor sleep, is fairly common but it does not usually last for long. It may mean that you have difficulty getting off to sleep, or you may wake up for long periods during the night, or you may wake up too early in the morning. ‘Sleeping tablets’ like zopiclone are considered to be a last resort, but they are sometimes prescribed for a short period of time to help with a particularly bad patch of insomnia.


How to buy Zopiclone ? just contact us via contact page, and we will provide you with our best india prices on Generic Imovane 7.5mg


Zopiclone is a type of sleeping pill that can be taken to treat bad bouts of insomnia. It helps you fall asleep more quickly, and also helps stop you waking up during the night.

Zopiclone comes as tablets. It also comes as a liquid for people who find it hard to swallow tablets, but this has to be ordered specially by your doctor.

Zopiclone belongs to a class of medicines commonly called Z drugs. It works by acting on the way messages are sent in your brain, which help you to sleep. It reduces the time it takes for you to fall asleep and increases the length of time you spend sleeping.

Zopiclone will often work well in the short term, but it is not normally prescribed for more than two to four weeks. This is because your body gets used to it within a short period of time and after this it is unlikely to have the same effect. Your body may also become dependent on it when it is taken for longer periods of time than this.

  • Before you start the treatment, read the manufacturer’s printed information leaflet from inside the pack. It will give you more information about zopiclone and will provide you with a full list of the side-effects which you may experience from taking it.
  • It is usual to be prescribed one tablet (7.5 mg) to be taken just before going to bed. Do not take more than one dose during a single night. If you are over 65 years of age, your doctor may consider the 3.75 mg strength tablets more suitable for you.
  • Take zopiclone exactly as your doctor tells you to. You could be advised to take a tablet on only two or three nights per week, rather than on every night.
  • Zopiclone takes around 1 hour to work.
  • Zopiclone is usually prescribed for just 2 to 4 weeks. This is because your body gets used to it quickly, and after this time it’s unlikely to have the same effect. Your body can also become dependent on it.
  • Common side effects are a metallic taste in your mouth, a dry mouth, and daytime sleepiness.
  • Don’t drink alcohol while you’re on zopiclone. Having them together can make you go into a deep sleep where you find it difficult to wake up.
  • Zopiclone is also called by the brand name Zop in India

 

Sildenafil (Viagra) May Cut Colorectal Cancer Risk

Could a daily dose of Viagra prevent cancer? New study says it’s possible


The little blue pill that has famously changed the sex lives of countless men around the globe may have an even more powerful effect that could save people’s lives, new research reveals. Viagra may help in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer, which is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among both men and women in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society. A study published in February 2018 in the Journal Cancer Prevention Research found that when researchers gave a small, daily dose of sildenafil, also known as Viagra, to male and female mice that had been genetically modified to develop a large number of intestinal polyps, their risk of developing colorectal cancer dropped by 50 percent. (source)

Taking Viagra with the flu vaccine could prevent cancer and stop it spreading, according to new research.The uncoventional combination works by boosting the immune system – helping it mop up tumour cells left behind after surgery.
Experiments found they reduced spread of the disease by more than 90 percent in mice.

The results were so successful two dozen stomach cancer patients are to be given the unconventional therapy.Cancer kills because it migrates to other organs. And surgery makes this process easier, by weakening the immune system.

Viagra may help repair it.

Dr Rebecca Auer, surgical oncologist and head of cancer research at The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario , said: “Surgery is very effective in removing solid tumours.”However we’re now realising that, tragically, surgery can also suppress the immune system in a way that makes it easier for any remaining cancer cells to persist and spread to other organs.

“Our research suggests combining erectile dysfunction drugs with the flu vaccine may be able to block this phenomenon and help prevent cancer from coming back after surgery.”Viagra is widely used to treat impotence. It relaxes muscle cells around vessels so they can fill with blood much more easily.This is how it helps men with erectile dysfunction. But evidence is growing it can be used to treat a host of other disorders.

These include diabetes, lung problems, stroke, infertility, heart failure – and even premature births. Earlier this year US scientists found a daily dose dramatically reduced the risk of bowel cancer in mice genetically engineered to develop the disease. It prevented the formation of polyps – clumps of cells on the intestines which may become cancerous.

The latest study published in OncoImmunology analysed the effect of Viagra, another erectile disfunction drug Cialis and the flu vaccine Agriflu in mice with lung cancer. After surgery cases of tumour spread soared almost fourfold in the lab rodents. But this was more than five times less likely after treatment with Viagra or Cialis. And it was about 12 times less likely when the animals were given the flu vaccine as well as one of the impotence drugs.

Dr Auer is now leading the world’s first clinical trial of an impotence drug and the flu vaccine in cancer patients. It will involve 24 patients at The Ottawa Hospital undergoing surgery for abdominal tumours. Afterwards they will be given Cialis , with Agriflu.

The study is designed to evaluate safety and look for changes in the immune system. If successful, larger trials could look at possible benefits to patients. Dr Auer said: “We are really excited about this research because it suggests that two safe and relatively inexpensive therapies may be able to solve a big problem in cancer. “If confirmed in clinical trials, this could become the first therapy to address the immune problems caused by cancer surgery.”

Using a variety of mouse and human models, Dr Auer’s team has also made progress in understanding how impotence drugs and the flu vaccine affect cancer after surgery. Normally, immune cells called natural killer (NK) cells play a major role in killing cancer cells that have spread to other organs. But surgery causes another kind of immune cell called MDSC (myeloid derived suppressor cell) to block the NK cells. Dr Auer and colleagues found impotence drugs block these MDSCs, which allows the NK cells to do their job fighting cancer. The flu vaccine further stimulates the NK cells.(source)

US President may hit India

US President Donald Trump’s new drug plan may hit India


WASHINGTON: US President Donald Trump on Saturday denounced foreign countries for “extorting unreasonably low prices from US drugmakers” to enable their citizens to pay much less than American consumers for the same drugs. Trump made the comments while unveiling his drug price policy which he said would “end the global freeloading” on US drug-making expertise “once and for all”.

The US President directed his top trade negotiator, Bob Lighthizer, to strongly take up with all countries the fixing of prices of American pharmaceuticals and medical devices, extending his ‘America First’ policy to put ‘American Patients First’ and vowing to “bring soaring drug prices down to earth”.

Trump’s new policy action could have an impact on India-US bilateral trade relations given that the American industry has been fighting with the recent move by the Indian government to fix prices of certain highly expensive pharmaceuticals and medical devices – like stents, for example.

Just last month, the US in its annual report card on the protection of intellectual property rights around the world had criticised the drug pricing and reimbursement policies of India and several other countries like Canada, South Korea, Japan, New Zealand and a number of European nations, saying that they did not adequately recognise the value of innovative medicines.

“America will not be cheated any longer, and especially will not be cheated by foreign countries,” Trump said at the White House Rose Gardens on Saturday. “As we demand fairness for American patients at home, we will also demand fairness overseas. When foreign governments extort unreasonably low prices from US drugmakers, Americans have to pay more to subsidise the enormous cost of research and development,” he said.

China’s Plan To Import Indian Medicines

China’s Plan To Import Indian Medicines Receives Cold Response From Pharma Firms


On May 4, China, the second largest market for pharmaceuticals after the US, said it has removed import duties on as many as 28 medicines, including all cancer drugs, from May 1, a move which would help India to export these pharmaceuticals to the neighbouring country.


BEIJING:  China’s much-publicised announcement to slash tariffs on 28 medicines, including cancer drugs from India, has failed to create any buzz among the Indian pharmaceutical firms as exports to China are possible only after lengthy field trials and approvals, which could take years, an official at an Indian firm has said.

On May 4, China, the second largest market for pharmaceuticals after the US, said it has removed import duties on as many as 28 medicines, including all cancer drugs, from May 1, a move which would help India to export these pharmaceuticals to the neighbouring country.

“China has exempted import tariffs (duties) for 28 drugs, including all cancer drugs, from May 1. Good news for India’s pharmaceutical industry and medicine export to China. I believe this will help reduce trade imbalance between China and India in the future,” Chinese Ambassador to India Luo Zhaohui said in a tweet.

Mr Luo’s announcement generated optimism that India’s persistent demand from China to provide opening for Indian pharmaceutical firms to market their economically priced drugs compared to the multinational firms may be realised.

However, the official with the Indian pharmaceutical company said it is surprising to see the reports from the Indian media that the move to reduce tariffs will pave the way for exports of Indian pharmaceutical firms.

 “For Indian pharmaceutical companies, it is not going to be much different as imports of Indian drugs both generic and anti-cancer is possible only with the approval of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA),” the official told news agency PTI on the condition of anonymity.

The announcement has not created any enthusiasm among the Indian firms as for both oral and injectable drugs a lengthy process of clearances is required in China which may take anywhere between two and half years to three years.

India has been lobbying actively with China to ensure quick clearances but it has not worked so far, he said. Any exports to China at this point of time is possible only if Beijing accepts certification by US Food and Drug Administration, which has approved a whole host of Indian drugs.

“As regards India benefiting because China has lifted import tariffs, I do not see it as a measure that is specifically favouring the Indian pharmaceutical products alone,” V Viswanath, a Beijing based senior consultant for Indian, Chinese as well as multi-national pharmaceutical firms told news agency PTI.

“This will benefit all imported products irrespective of which the country of origin is,” he said, highlighting the long drawn out struggle by Indian pharmaceutical firms to enter Chinese markets despite persistent campaign.

India has been asking China for long to open up its IT and pharmaceutical firms to reduce the trade deficit which has claimed to over $50 billion.

But ahead of Mr Luo’s announcement, China’s Cabinet or State Council on April 12 has approved a proposal that China will exempt import tariffs on all cancer drugs and encourage the import of more innovative drugs.

From May 1, import tariffs on all common drugs including cancer drugs, cancer alkaloid-based drugs, and imported traditional Chinese medicine will be exempted, state-run Xinhua news agency quoted an official statement as saying.


Beijing, May 13 (PTI) Chinas much-publicised announcement to slash tariffs on 28 medicines, including cancer drugs from India, has failed to create any buzz among the Indian pharmaceutical firms here as exports to China are possible only after lengthy field trials and approvals, which could take years, an official at an Indian firm has said.

On May 4, China, the second largest market for pharmaceuticals after the US, said it has removed import duties on as many as 28 medicines, including all cancer drugs, from May 1, a move which would help India to export these pharmaceuticals to the neighbouring country.

“China has exempted import tariffs (duties) for 28 drugs, including all cancer drugs, from May 1. Good news for Indias pharmaceutical industry and medicine export to China. I believe this will help reduce trade imbalance between China and India in the future,” Chinese Ambassador to India Luo Zhaohui said in a tweet.

Luo?s announcement generated optimism that Indias persistent demand from China to provide opening for Indian pharmaceutical firms to market their economically priced drugs compared to the multinational firms may be realised.

However, the official with the Indian pharmaceutical company said it is surprising to see the reports from the Indian media that the move to reduce tariffs will pave the way for exports of Indian pharmaceutical firms.

“For Indian pharmaceutical companies, it is not going to be much different as imports of Indian drugs both generic and anti-cancer is possible only with the approval of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA),” the official told PTI on the condition of anonymity.

The announcement has not created any enthusiasm among the Indian firms as for both oral and injectable drugs a lengthy process of clearances is required in China which may take anywhere between two and half years to three years.

India has been lobbying actively with China to ensure quick clearances but it has not worked so far, he said. Any exports to China at this point of time is possible only if Beijing accepts certification by US Food and Drug Administration, which has approved a whole host of Indian drugs.

“As regards India benefiting because China has lifted import tariffs, I do not see it as a measure that is specifically favouring the Indian pharmaceutical products alone,” V Viswanath, a Beijing based senior consultant for Indian, Chinese as well as multi-national pharmaceutical firms told PTI.

“This will benefit all imported products irrespective of which the country of origin is,” he said, highlighting the long drawn out struggle by Indian pharmaceutical firms to enter Chinese markets despite persistent campaign.

India has been asking China for long to open up its IT and pharmaceutical firms to reduce the trade deficit which has claimed to over USD 50 billion.

But ahead of Luo?s announcement, China?s Cabinet or State Council on April 12 has approved a proposal that China will exempt import tariffs on all cancer drugs and encourage the import of more innovative drugs.

From May 1, import tariffs on all common drugs including cancer drugs, cancer alkaloid-based drugs, and imported traditional Chinese medicine will be exempted, state-run Xinhua news agency quoted an official statement as saying.

Value Added Tax in the production and import of drugs will drop by a large margin, it said.

The authorities will reduce the prices of cancer drugs through centralised government procurement and eliminate premium prices for drugs by means of cross-border e-commerce, it said.

Imported innovative drugs, especially much-needed cancer drugs, will be incorporated into the catalogue of medical insurance reimbursement, the statement said.

So as of now there is nothing specific for Indian pharmaceutical industry as such, the Indian pharma firm, the Indian pharma firm official said.

The move is aimed at reducing exorbitant costs of medicines in general and cancer drugs in particular by the multinational firms in China, he said.

The tariff reduction is also not going to amount much as it accounts to only about three to four percent, which is negligible, he said.

In fact, the reimbursement for cancer drugs by the provincial and central governments is aimed at prevailing on the innovator multinational companies to reduce their prices, which they will considering the size of the Chinese market, he said.

With reimbursement on cards the multinational companies are going to bring down their prices to cash in on the scheme, he said adding that this may even stop the rampant smuggling of Indian cancer drugs to China as prices will come down.

“Pharma companies in general and Indian Pharma companies in particular have struggled to get their products approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) which is the first step in commercialisation of products. Pharmaceuticals can only be imported and sold in China if they are registered with CFDA,” Viswanath said.

The announcement by China to import Indian drugs need to be “followed up with a more specific bilateral arrangement between China and India”, he said.

This is necessary as quality pharmaceutical products which are at very affordable prices are given fast-track approvals in CFDA.

India plans measures to facilitate drug exports to abroad

India plans measures to facilitate drug exports


The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), the apex regulatory authority that oversees the manufacture and sale of medicines in the country, has proposed a self declaration mechanism for pharmaceutical manufacturers for updation of information about the products they manufacture from their registered production centres. This information will then be verified by the State Licensing Authority.

The move is part of a series of industry friendly measures being planned by the apex regulator.

According to the proposal, the drug manufacturers licensed to manufacture in the country will be asked to upload the details of their manufacturing licences along with the list of the products permitted under such licences on an online data base developed by the government. The comprehensive database, termed “SUGAM”, will have the details of all the licenses issued by various state food and drug authorities (FDA) including the details of manufacturing sites, and approved products.

The CDSCO has created accounts on SUGAM for each state and is in the process of getting such accounts activated to facilitate the updation of the information.

The regulator is also exploring the possibility of relaxing the need for a no-objection-certificate (NOC) from CDSCO to manufacture and export drugs that are otherwise not approved for domestic use. At the moment, India’s drug law – the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 – does not allow states to give manufacturing licenses for export of medicines that are not allowed to be sold in the country, without an NOC from CDSCO. The industry has been complaining that the need for such limited, export specific permissions, for manufacture of such drugs cause delay in executing export orders.

An apex drug advisory committee called “the Drugs Consultative Committee”, which draws members from the Centre and all the State Governments, is currently looking at these proposals to bring in uniformity in the administration of India’s drug regulations.

The suggestions of CDSCO are expected to streamline the process and facilitate the ease of doing business in the pharmaceutical sector, one of the most promising sectors where India has immense export growth potential.

According to the Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India (PHARMEXCIL), India’s pharmaceutical exports stood at $16.8 billion in 2016-17 and are expected to grow by 30 per cent, over the next three years, to reach US$ 20 billion by 2020. During April 2017- January 2018, India exported pharmaceutical items worth $10.76 billion.

India Brand Equity Foundation estimates that India accounts for 3.1-3.6 per cent of the global pharmaceutical industry in value terms and 10 per cent in volume terms. It is expected to grow to $100 billion by 2025. The market is expected to grow to $55 billion by 2020, thereby emerging as the sixth largest pharmaceutical market globally by absolute size. Branded generics dominate the pharmaceuticals market, constituting nearly 80 per cent of the market share (in terms of revenues). (link)

‘ISIS drug’ Tramadol

‘ISIS drug’ Tramadol comes under narcotics law regulation


NEW DELHI: Tramadol, a painkiller pharma drug, has been declared a “psychotropic substance” by the Union government and its sale in the country will now be strictly monitored after the NCB said it was being internationally smuggled, and had possible supply links to the global terror group ISIS.

The Union Finance Ministry, as per data accessed by PTI, has brought the drug under the control of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act and a gazette notification to this effect was issued on April 26  2018.

The Finance Ministry regulates certain sections of the NDPS Act like categorisation of pharma drugs as narcotic substances.
The synthetic opiate is known to be abused on a wide scale by terrorists of the so-called ISIS to suppress pain and boost strength during injury and hence, is also known as the ‘fighter drug’ among international anti-narcotics authorities.

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), a national agency to coordinate drug law enforcement action by involving various state agencies, police and central departments, had asked the government in July last year to bring this drug under its “regulation and control” so that it could only be used for medicinal purposes and its abuse be checked.

“Tramadol, after the notification issued by the Department of Revenue under the Union Finance Ministry, will no longer be available freely over the counter in India.

“It will be regulated under the NDPS Act, which will empower the NCB and other law enforcement agencies to raid and prosecute those who prepare it without permission,” a senior official in the anti-narcotics establishment said.

The latest notification will ensure that the availability of Tramadol is substantially reduced and regulated, and agencies like the NCB and police are able to keep a tab on its movement. PTI had first reported on March 26 that the NCB has sought bringing Tramadol under the NDPS Act after it detected that it was being “diverted” illegally.
“Tramadol is used like codeine (another pharma drug). It is not covered under the NDPS Act, 1985. It is a schedule ‘H’ drug under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and can only be dispensed under the prescription of a registered medical practitioner.

“lt is also not included in any of the schedules of the 1971 UN convention on psychotropic substances. Internationally, it is banned in many countries and hence is often smuggled through India,” the NCB had said in its latest report released in March.

The drug, the NCB had said, “is trafficked via courier and manual means to countries like the US and Canada among others.”
The NCB gave out these details on Tramadol while reporting on the ongoing and emerging trends of drug abuse in the country in the last year by “diversion” of pharma drugs and hence sought its regulation.
Official records state that huge quantities of Tramadol were seized in the country last year, including in July when over 30,000 tablets of Tramadol Hydrochloride were seized from the cargo terminal of the Indira Gandhi lnternational Airport (IGI) along with other pharma drugs.

In another instance, in October last year, the NCB seized 710 tablets of Tramadol from the house of a Lucknow-based medicine supplier. These were supposed to be illegally dispatched to the United States of America (USA).  source


 

PROVIRONUM 25mg (Schering)

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DescriptionDosageSide Effects

Mesterolone is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and derivative of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It is inactivated by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in skeleta muscules so it is considered a weak androgen. It is not a substrate for aromatase so it is not converted into estrogen. Mesterolone demonstrated to have minimal effect on sperm counts and levels of FSH or LH. Experiments of mesterolone serving as a potential treatment of depression are still undergoing. 


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Unlike many other steroids, this one is taken orally and is commonly used to treat deficiency of male sex hormones. We’ll go into the uses for Mesterolone below. Before that though, let’s take a quick look at how it works.

The belief that the weak anabolic nature of this compound indicates a tendency to block the androgen receptor in muscle tissue, thereby reducing the gains of other more potent muscle-building steroids, should likewise not be taken seriously. In fact, due to its extremely high affinity for plasma binding proteins such as SHBG, mesterolone may actually work to potentate the activity of other steroids by displacing a higher percentage into a free, unbound state. Among athletes, mesterolone is primarily used to increase androgen levels when dieting or preparing for a contest, and as an anti-estrogen due to its intrinsic ability to antagonize the aromatase enzyme.

Dosage can vary between 50 to 150 mg depending on need and goals. Since it is more androgenic rather than anabolic, this steroid works by increasing androgen receptors in the body. What this means is that it won’t actively increase or affect production or testosterone levels but it will help with male sex traits and to a large extent reduce the production in estrogen which often causes the main side effects of many steroids.

 

Some negative side effects of Generic Proviron 25mg include:

  • Suppression of testosterone
  • Increased levels of bad cholesterol – this means increased risk of heart problems
  • Acne
  • Excessive growth of hair
  • Issues with high blood pressure

 

 

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DescriptionDosageSide Effects

In the late 80’s, steroid guru Dan Duchaine speculated that nolvadex could be used to help with gynecomastia (bitch tits). Since that time, it has become popular as anti-gynecomastia treatmentand for on-cycle use in guys who are gyno prone.


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When gyno prone anabolic steroid users run aromatising compounds, such as testosterone or dianabol, they convert to estrogen. This can lead to puffy nipples, bloating, blood pressure, erectile dysfunction (ED) and other estrogen related sides. Nolvadex can prevent some estrogen-related side effects from occurring, and it can halt the growth of gynecomastia. However, in my opinion, using an AI is much more effective for overall estrogen control.

In practice, tamoxifen is best used to help boost LH and total testosterone. This will help you recover from a cycle, which makes it a popular choice for post cycle therapy (PCT). A clomiphene, tamoxifen combination is one of the best recovery options for most PCT regiments.

 

Dosages for PCT: 10-40mgs ED or EOD

Dosages for gynecomastia treatment: 20-80mgs ED

*ED = every day *EOD = every other day

Some users swear by nolvadex, others prefer clomid during pct. Some users complain about reduced libido, others say it increases libido. I believe the negativity with tamoxifen is due to improper dosing protocols – mainly over-dosing with high dosages.

You should start with 10-20mg every other day at the most, and see how the dosage works for you. Make sure to run it as a part of a complete post cycle therapy.

There is evidence that Nolvadex up-regulates progestin receptors. This means if you run tamoxifen along with a progestin, such as any type of nandrolone or trenbolone, you run a higher chance of developing progestin related side effects. This has some ongoing debate in both the medical and bodybuilding community. Therefore, to be on the safe side, don’t use it with progestins.

 

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Active substance Clomiphene
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DescriptionDosageSide Effects
Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate) is a powerfully effective anti-estrogen officially classified as a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM). In many ways, it is very similar to another popular SERM in Nolvadex(Tamoxifen Citrate). Clomid first gained worldwide attention in the early 1970’s as a strong fertility aid and is still used for that purpose today. It is also one of the most commonly used SERM’s by anabolic steroid users. No, it is not an anabolic steroid but can be used to combat estrogenic side effects sometimes caused by anabolic steroids. It can also be used as a Post Cycle Therapy (PCT) medication in order to stimulate suppressed testosterone production due to anabolic steroid use. PCT use of Clomid is the most common purpose and most beneficial point of use for the anabolic steroid user.

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To understand how Clomid can aid this process, let’s look at how natural testosterone production is regulated.

Testosterone production is regulated by a feedback loop which senses not only testosterone or other androgen levels, but also estrogen levels. This feedback loop includes the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the testes (often referred to as the HPTA, or hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.)

When the hypothalamus senses low estrogen levels and does not sense high androgen levels, it’s stimulated to signal the pituitary by producing more LHRH, which stands for LH releasing hormone. On receiving this signal, the pituitary produces more LH (luteinizing hormone) which in turn signals the testes to produce more testosterone.

The common dosage for Clomid is 300mg for day 1; 100mg per day for days 2-11; and 50mg/day for days 12-21. However for nonmedical purposes, the suggested dose of the drug is 50-100 mg/day for 4-6 weeks.

Clomid ordinarily is dosed at 50 mg/day. However, it’s important to note that clomiphene has a long half life. Where this has relevance is that when a daily dose is taken, the body will have not only that dose in it, but also an accumulated amount of about five days’ worth of previous doses as well. That’s fine: it results in correct blood levels. Where there can be a problem is when first starting use. If simply taking 50 mg/day from the beginning, there is no such buildup and levels will be low.

To account for this, 300 mg is taken on the first day, as three doses of 100 mg, or optionally six doses of 50 mg. This immediately gets levels to where they should be. Ongoing 50 mg/day dosing will maintain this level.

After day 1, doses of more than 50 mg are not needed and are not recommended. They will not improve results, but may increase adverse side effects.

 

Clomid is one of the most well-tolerated SERM’s and anti-estrogens on the market, and this applies to both men and women. While it carries a very high threshold of toleration, side effects of Clomid do exist and are possible. However, “possible” is the key word and a very important one. Anytime anabolic steroids are discussed as well as non-steroidal items used by anabolic steroid users, many seem to enjoy implying side effects are assured. This is not the case; in fact, most should be able to use Clomid side effect free.

When it comes to the possible side effects of Clomid, we will find most are fairly rare. Some women who have used the SERM as a fertility aid have experienced ovarian enlargement, but again this is very rare. Other possible side effects of Clomid use include:

  • Headaches
  • Nausea
  • Hot Flashes
  • Uterine Bleeding (extremely rare)
  • Breast Discomfort

 

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Active substance Testosterone Undecanoate
US Brand Nebido
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DescriptionDosageSide Effects

Each mL solution for injection contains testosterone undecanoate 250 mg corresponding to testosterone 157.9 mg.
Each ampoule with 4 mL solution for injection contains testosterone undecanoate 1000 mg.
It also contains benzyl benzoate and refined castor oil as excipients.


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Testosterone undecanoate is an ester of the naturally occurring androgen, testosterone. The active form, testosterone, is formed by cleavage of the side chain.
Testosterone is the most important androgen of the male, mainly synthesized in the testicles, and to a small extent in the adrenal cortex.
Testosterone is responsible for the expression of masculine characteristics during fetal, early childhood, and pubertal development and thereafter for maintaining the masculine phenotype and androgen-dependent functions (eg, spermatogenesis, accessory sexual glands). It also performs functions eg, in the skin, muscles, skeleton, kidney, liver, bone marrow and CNS.
Dependent on the target organ, the spectrum of activities of testosterone is mainly androgenic (eg, prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis) or protein-anabolic (muscle, bone, hematopoiesis, kidney, liver).
The effects of testosterone in some organs arise after peripheral conversion of testosterone to estradiol, which then binds to estrogen receptors in the target cell nucleus eg, the pituitary, fat, brain, bone, and testicular Leydig cells.

One ampoule / vial of Cernos Depot or Generic Nebido (corresponding to 1000 mg testosterone undecanoate) is injected every 10 to 14 weeks. Injections with this frequency are capable of maintaining sufficient testosterone levels and do not lead to accumulation.

Start of treatment

Serum testosterone levels should be measured before start and during initiation of treatment. Depending on serum testosterone levels and clinical symptoms, the first injection interval may be reduced to a minimum of 6 weeks as compared to the recommended range of 10 to 14 weeks for maintenance. With this loading dose, sufficient steady state testosterone levels may be achieved more rapidly.

Maintenance and individualisation of treatment

The injection interval should be within the recommended range of 10 to 14 weeks. Careful monitoring of serum testosterone levels is required during maintenance of treatment. It is advisable to measure testosterone serum levels regularly. Measurements should be performed at the end of an injection interval and clinical symptoms considered. These serum levels should be within the lower third of the normal range. Serum levels below normal range would indicate the need for a shorter injection interval. In case of high serum levels an extension of the injection interval may be considered.

For intramuscular use.

The injections must be administered very slowly (over two minutes). Nebido is strictly for intramuscular injection. Care should be taken to inject Nebido deeply into the gluteal muscle following the usual precautions for intramuscular administration. Special care must be taken to avoid intravasal injection (see section 4.4 under “Application”). The contents of an ampoule / vial are to be injected intramuscularly immediately after opening. (For the ampoule see section 6.6 for instructions on opening the ampoule safely).

 

The most frequently observed adverse reaction was injection site pain (10%).

The following adverse reactions were reported in clinical trials with a suspected relationship to Nebido (according to the HARTS Body System and Dictionary Term system):

Common* (>1/100, <1/10): Digestive: Diarrhea. Musculoskeletal System: Leg pain, arthralgia. Nervous System: Dizziness, increased sweating, headache. Respiratory System: Respiratory disorder. Skin and Appendages: Acne, breast pain, gynecomastia, pruritus, skin disorder. Urogenital:Testicular pain, prostate disorder. General

Disorders and Administration Site Conditions:

Subcutaneous hematoma at the injection site.
*Due to the small sample size of the studies, the frequency of each reported adverse event with a suggested causal relationship falls at least into the category common (>1/100).
In the literature, the following adverse reactions from testosterone-containing preparations have been reported:
Blood and the Lymphatic System Disorders: Rare cases of polycythemia (erythrocytosis).

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders:

Weight gain, electrolyte changes (retention of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate and water) during high dose and/or prolonged treatment.

Musculoskeletal System: 

  • Muscle cramps.

Nervous System: 

  • Nervousness,
  • Hostility,
  • Depression.
  • Sleep apnea.

Hepatobiliary Disorders: 

In very rare cases, jaundice and liver function test abnormalities.

Skin and Appendages: 

Various skin reactions may occur including acne, seborrhea and balding (alopecia).

Reproductive System and Breast Disorders: 

Libido changes, increased frequency of erections; therapy with high doses of testosterone preparations commonly reversibly interrupts or reduces spermatogenesis, thereby reducing the size of the testicles; testosterone replacement therapy of hypogonadism can, in rare cases, cause persistent, painful erections (priapism), prostate abnormalities, prostate cancer**, urinary obstruction.

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: 

High-dose or long-term administration of testosterone occasionally increases the occurrences of water retention and edema; hypersensitivity reactions may occur.

 

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DescriptionDosage & StorageSide EffectsPhoto

Testosterone Enanthate Injection, USP is indicated for replacement therapy in conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone.

Testosterone in general is a very popular in use, and although there exist a plethora of different esterified variants of Testosterone as well as different Testosterone products (such as Sustanon 250 or Nebido), Testosterone Enanthate (Delatestryl) one of the more popular Testosterone preparations. Any individual looking to buy Testosterone Enanthate will not be disappointed to see that because it is a staple in every smart anabolic steroid user’s cycles, it too is a staple in the list of products that all sources carry. Testosterone Enanthate is literally the most widely manufactured and utilized ester variant of Testosterone in the world, and as such is extremely common on the anabolic steroid market.


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Primary hypogonadism (congenital or acquired) – Testicular failure due to cryptorchidism, bilateral torsion, orchitis, vanishing testis syndrome, or orchidectomy.

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (congenital or acquired) – Gonadotropin or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) deficiency, or pituitary-hypothalamic injury from tumors, trauma, or radiation. (Appropriate adrenal cortical and thyroid hormone replacement therapy are still necessary, however, and are actually of primary importance.)

If the above conditions occur prior to puberty, androgen replacement therapy will be needed during the adolescent years for development of secondary sexual characteristics. Prolonged androgen treatment will be required to maintain sexual characteristics in these and other males who develop testosterone deficiency after puberty.

Testosterone Enanthate Injection, USP may be used to stimulate puberty in carefully selected males with clearly delayed puberty. These patients usually have a familial pattern of delayed puberty that is not secondary to a pathological disorder; puberty is expected to occur spontaneously at a relatively late date.

Testosterone Enanthate is attached to the “Enanthate” ester which is usually metabolized over a period of 4 to 5 days. In some cases one may find that low levels of test enanthate will remain in the body up to two weeks. so considering this release time if one wants to maintain a stable level of testosteron in the body using enanthate one should inject it every five days.

How is this medication best taken? 

This medicine is for injection into a muscle. It is usually given by a health care professional in a hospital or clinic setting. Contact your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this medicine may be prescribed for children as young as 12 years of age for selected conditions, precautions do apply. Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

What do I do if I miss a dose?

 If you are given your dose at a clinic or doctor’s office, call to reschedule your appointment. If you give your own injections and you miss a dose, take it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, take only that dose. Do not take double or extra doses.

Storage: 

Store this medication at 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C) and away from heat, moisture and light. Warming and shaking the vial should redissolve any
crystals that may have formed during storage temperatures lower than recommended. Keep all medicine out of the reach of children. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date. Do not flush unused medications or pour down a sink or drain.

It is popular for testosterone enanthate to be injected bi-weekly (twice a week) in order to keep concentrations as stable as possible. Common dose of 500mg enables a user to split 250mg injections on, for example, a Monday and a Thursday, with the common concentration products being 250mg/ml, therefore 1ml injected each time.

Testosterone enanthate anabolic steroid cycles
Novice user’s cycle

250mg-500mg of testosterone enanthate per week for 10 weeks. Start PCT 14 days after last injection

Most products will be 250mg/ml. If taking 250mg per week this will result in one ml injection once a week. If taking 500mg per week we will want to inject on a bi-weekly basis, so one injection on Monday and another on the Thursday, for example.

Intermediate user’s cycle

500mg-1000mg of testosterone enanthate per week for 10+ weeks. Likely to be stacked with other anabolic steroids, and is often used as the base compound.

Advanced user’s cycle

750mg + of testosterone enanthate per week for 10+ weeks. Likely to be stacked with many other anabolic steroids, such as dianabol, trenbolone, deca etc.

For males only

Blistering of skin under patch (especially when the nonscrotal patch is applied to bony areas of the skin)

Breast soreness or enlargement

Frequent or continuing erection of penis lasting up to 4 hours or painful penile erections lasting longer than 4 hours

Frequent urge to urinate

Itching or redness of skin under patch (less likely with nonscrotal patch) or at site of implants, mild to severe

For prepubertal boys only

Acne

Early growth of pubic hair

Enlargement of penis

Ffrequent or continuing erections

 

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Active substance Testosterone USP 1%
US Brand Androgel
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Made by Sun Pharma | Healing Pharma
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DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhoto's

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

Testosterone available in injection, capsules, and gel form.

In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. (Wikipedia)

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Testosterone Gel or Cernos Gel and Testoheal is used to treat the symptoms of low testosterone in adult men who have hypogonadism, usually customers buying cheap versions of Androgel wich work very good, same as Cernos Gel or Testoheal, but very expensive in the U.S.

Testosterone Gel, is indicated for replacement therapy in adult males for conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone:

  • Primary Hypogonadism (Congenital or Acquired) – testicular failure due to cryptorchidism, bilateral torsion, orchitis, vanishing testis syndrome, orchiectomy, Klinefelter’s syndrome, chemotherapy, or toxic damage from alcohol or heavy metals. These men usually have low serum testosterone levels and gonadotropins (FSH, LH) above the normal range.
  • Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Congenital or Acquired) – idiopathic gonadotropin or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) deficiency or pituitary-hypothalamic injury from tumors, trauma, or radiation. These men have low testosterone serum levels but have gonadotropins in the normal or low range.
How to use testosterone gel
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
  • Recommended starting dose: 5 g for adult males, applied topically once daily.
  • Apply to clean, dry, intact skin of shoulders and upper arms and/or abdomen. Do NOT apply AndroGel to the genitals.
  • Dose for adult males: If testosterone level is below the normal range, adjust dose from 5 g to 7.5 g and from 7.5 g to 10 g.

DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

India Testosterone gel 1% for topical use is available as:

  •  5 g packet

CONTRAINDICATIONS
  • Men with carcinoma of the breast or known or suspected prostate cancer.
  • Pregnant or breast feeding women. Testosterone may cause fetal harm.

Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 5%) are acne, application site reaction, abnormal lab tests, and prostatic disorders.

Cases of testosterone secondary exposure resulting in virilization of children have been reported. Reported signs and symptoms have included enlargement of the penis or clitoris, premature development of pubic hair, increased erections and libido, aggressive behavior, and advanced bone age. In most cases with a reported outcome, these signs and symptoms were reported to have regressed with removal of the exposure to testosterone gel. In a few cases, however, enlarged genitalia did not fully return to age-appropriate normal size and bone age remained modestly greater than chronological age.

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Active substance Armodafinil
US Brand Nuvigil
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DescriptionDosageSide Effects

GENERIC NUVIGIL is indicated to improve wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy and shift work disorder.


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Armodafinil is used to help people who have narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (also called hypopnea syndrome), or shift work sleep disorders to stay awake during the day. This medicine does not cure these conditions and will only work as long as you continue to take it.

Armodafinil is the R-enantiomer of the racemic synthetic agent modafinil with central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and wakefulness-promoting activities. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, armodafinil appears to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine by binding to the dopamine-reuptake pump, which leads to an increase in extracellular dopamine levels in some brain regions. This agent does not bind to or inhibit several receptors and enzymes that may be involved in sleep/wake regulation and is not a direct- or indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonist. Armodafinil has a longer half-life than modafinil.


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Armodafinil is not a direct- or indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonist. However, in vitro,both armodafinil and modafinil bind to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine reuptake.For modafinil, this activity has been associated in vivo with increased extracellular dopamine levels in some brain regions of animals. In genetically engineered mice lacking the dopaminetransporter (DAT), modafinil lacked wake-promoting activity, suggesting that this activity was DAT-dependent. However, the wake-promoting effects of modafinil, unlike those of amphetamine, were not antagonized by the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol in rats. In addition, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a dopamine synthesis inhibitor, blocks the action of amphetamine, but does not block locomotor activity induced by modafinil.


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Armodafinil and modafinil have wake-promoting actions similar to sympathomimetic agents including amphetamine and methylphenidate, although their pharmacologic profile is not identical to that of the sympathomimetic amines. In addition to its wake-promoting effects and ability to increase locomotor activity in animals, modafinil produces psychoactive and euphoric effects, alterations in mood, perception, thinking, and feelings typical of other CNS stimulants in humans. Modafinil has reinforcing properties, as evidenced by its self-administration in monkeys previously trained to self-administer cocaine; modafinil was also partially discriminated as stimulant-like. Based on nonclinical studies, two major metabolites, acid and sulfone, of modafinil or armodafinil, do not appear to contribute to the CNS-activating properties of the parent compounds.


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The recommended dose of NUVIGIL for patients with OSA or narcolepsy is 150 mg or 250 mg given as a single dose in the morning. In patients with OSA, doses up to 250 mg/day, given as a single dose, have been well tolerated, but there is no consistent
evidence that this dose confers additional benefit beyond that of the 150 mg/day dose.

Shift Work Disorder (SWD)

The recommended dose of NUVIGIL for patients with SWD is 150 mg given daily approximately 1 hour prior to the start of their work shift. Dosage adjustment should be considered for concomitant medications that are substrates for CYP3A4/5, such as steroidal contraceptives, triazolam, and cyclosporine.
Drugs that are largely eliminated via CYP2C19 metabolism, such as diazepam, propranolol, and phenytoin may have prolonged elimination upon coadministration with

 

Less common

  1. Blistering, burning, crusting, dryness, or flaking of the skin
  2. burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, “pins and needles”, or tingling feelings
  3. difficult or labored breathing
  4. fast, irregular, pounding, or racing heartbeat or pulse
  5. fever
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  7. headache, severe and throbbing
  8. increased volume of pale, dilute urine
  9. itching, scaling, severe redness, soreness, or swelling of the skin
  10. rash
  11. shakiness in the legs, arms, hands, or feet
  12. shortness of breath
  13. tightness in the chest
  14. trembling or shaking of the hands or feet
  15. wheezing

 

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Active substance Modafinil
US Brand Provigil
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DescriptionDosageSide Effects

Generic Modafinil 200mg used to treat narcolepsy are targeted toward alleviating symptoms such as excessive sleepiness and cataplexy. The cause of this neurological sleep disorder is still not completely clear, though a destruction of hypocretin/orexin neurons has been implicated. The destruction of these neurons is linked to inactivity of neurotransmitters including histamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, causing a disturbance in the sleep/wake cycles of narcoleptic patients. Buy Generic Modafinil, from our company wich based in India, Generic Provigil, can be shipped to UK, USA, AU, under generic brands names Modalert, Modvigil it’s bestsellers, with different prices. You can receive prices via contact form.


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Modafinil is a stimulant drug marketed as a ‘wakefulness promoting agent’ and is one of the stimulants used in the treatment of narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is caused by dysfunction of a family of wakefulness-promoting and sleep-suppressing peptides, the orexins, whose neurons are activated by modafinil. The prexin neuron activation is associated with psychoactivation and euphoria. The exact mechanism of action is unclear, although in vitro studies have shown it to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine by binding to the dopamine reuptake pump, and lead to an increase in extracellular dopamine. Modafinil activates glutamatergic circuits while inhibiting GABA.


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 Modafinil is a synthetic molecule of the benzhydryl class. Benzhydryl compounds are comprised of two benzene rings attached to a single carbon molecule. Modafinil is classified as a sulphinyl benzhydryl molecule, as it also contains a sulphinyl group, a sulphur molecule double-bonded to an oxygen molecule, attached to the carbon of the benzhydryl group. From this sulphur group at R2, an acetamide group is bound at its free carbon through a carbonyl group to a terminal amine group. Modafinil is structurally analogous to fluorafinil, another benzhydryl stimulant.

The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor’s orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.

The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.

  • For oral dosage form (tablets):
    • For narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome:
      • Adults and teenagers 17 years of age and older—200 milligrams (mg) once a day, in the morning. Your doctor may increase your dose as needed.
      • Teenagers and children younger than 17 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
    • For shift work sleep disorder:
      • Adults and teenagers 17 years of age and older—200 milligrams (mg) one hour before you begin working.
      • Teenagers and children younger than 17 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.

Missed Dose

If you miss a dose of this medicine, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.

If you miss a dose of modafinil and you remember it before 12:00 noon the same day, take the missed dose as soon as possible.

Storage

Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.

Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.

Less common

  1. Black, tarry stools
  2. blurred vision or other vision changes
  3. chest pain
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  5. clumsiness or unsteadiness
  6. confusion
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  8. increased thirst and urination
  9. mental depression
  10. problems with memory
  11. rapidly changing moods
  12. shortness of breath
  13. sore throat
  14. trembling or shaking
  15. trouble in urinating
  16. uncontrolled movements of the face, mouth, or tongue
  17. unusual bleeding or bruising
  18. unusual tiredness or weakness

 

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Active substance Sumatriptan
US Brand Imitrex
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DescriptionDosageSide Effects

Sumatriptan is used to treat the symptoms of migraine headaches (severe, throbbing headaches that sometimes are accompanied by nausea or sensitivity to sound and light). Sumatriptan is in a class of medications called selective serotonin receptor agonists.

 

It works by narrowing blood vessels in the head, stopping pain signals from being sent to the brain, and blocking the release of certain natural substances that cause pain, nausea, and other symptoms of migraine. Sumatriptan does not prevent migraine attacks or reduce the number of headaches you have.


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Migraine symptoms may be caused by the temporary widening of blood vessels in the head. Sumatriptan Tablets are believed to reduce the widening of these blood vessels. This in turn helps to take away the headache and relieve other symptoms of a migraine attack, such as feeling or being sick (nausea or vomiting) and sensitivity to light and sound.

 

Migraine Headache

Tablet

  • 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg orally (taken with fluids)
  • Not to exceed 100 mg/dose; additional doses every 2 hours as needed
  • Recommended maximum dose: 200 mg/day

Sumatriptan comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It is usually taken at the first sign of a migraine headache.If your symptoms improve after you take sumatriptan but return after 2 hours or longer, you may take a second tablet. However, if your symptoms do not improve after you take sumitriptan, do not take a second tablet without calling your doctor. Your doctor will tell you the maximum number of tablets you may take in a 24-hour period.Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take sumatriptan exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

Sumatriptan tablets: The maximum single recommended adult dose is 100 mg. The maximum recommended adult dose that may be given in 24 hours is 200 mg, given in two doses separated by at least two hours.

The safety of treating an average of more than 4 migraine headaches in a 30-day period with Sumatriptan has not been established. Most people using these medications for migraine treatment do not need quantities in amounts exceeding that necessary to treat a maximum of 4 migraine attacks in a 30-day period. For this reason, the benefit plan provides coverage only for amounts up to those listed. Members may obtain a combination of dosage forms, although quantity limits apply and total mg amount per 30 days may not exceed 900 mg of tablet equivalent.

 

  • flushing
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DescriptionDosageSide Effects

Tizanidine (tye zan’ i deen) is an imidazoline derivative and is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used for therapy of acute muscle spasms and chronic spasticity.  The mechanism by which tizanidine causes skeletal muscle relaxation is not well known; it appears to act at the level of spinal cord pain reflexes, most likely through activity as a central alpha-adrenergic agonist which results in an decrease in activity of motor neurons.  Tizanidine was approved for use in the United States in 1996 and currently several million prescriptions are filled yearly.


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Tizanidine is a commonly used muscle relaxant that has been linked to rare instances of acute liver injury, a few of which have been fatal.

Tizanidine is a short-acting muscle relaxer. It works by blocking nerve impulses (pain sensations) that are sent to your brain.

Tizanidine is used to treat spasticity by temporarily relaxing muscle tone.

Tizanidine may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.

Tizanidine is used to help relax certain muscles in your body. It relieves spasms, cramping, and tightness of the muscles caused by medical problems, such as multiple sclerosis or certain injuries to the spine.

Generic Zanaflex does not cure these problems, but it may allow other treatment, such as physical therapy, to be more helpful in improving your condition.

Generic Tizanidine acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to produce its muscle relaxant effects. Its actions on the CNS may also cause some of the medicine’s side effects.

 

Muscle Spasticity

Spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury

Initial: 2 mg PO q6-8hr PRN; no more than 3 doses q24hr

Maintenance: Titrate in 2-4 mg/day increments to optimum effect with minimum 1-4 days between dose increments

Not to exceed 36 mg/day; single doses >16 mg not studied

To discontinue taper gradually; decrease by 2-4 mg daily

 

  • feeling light-headed, fainting, slow heart rate;
  • hallucinations, confusion, unusual thoughts or behavior;
  • nausea, stomach pain, low fever, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes); or
  • burning or pain when you urinate.

 

 

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Active substance Agomelatine
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DescriptionDosageSide EffectsHealth Benefits of Agomelatine

Depression is common. Symptoms can affect day-to-day life and can become very distressing. Treatments include talking (psychological) treatments and antidepressant medicines.

Our bodies have a number of important physical and behavioural processes which are controlled by the cycling of day and night. These are called circadian rhythms and, if disrupted, can result in depression. Agomelatine relieves depression by helping to restore the balance of these biological rhythms.

Agomelatine (Valdoxan) is an atypical antidepressant drug developed on the basis that abnormal circadian rhythm causes depression.


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While most other (typical) antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that seek to increase serotonin in the brain, agomelatine activates melatonin (MT1 and MT2) receptors and blocks the 5-HT2C serotonin receptors.

Presently, agomelatine is approved in the European Union for the treatment of major depression.

In the United States, it is presently under a phase 3 trial for regulatory approval by the FDA, so it is considered a dietary supplement and doctors in the US do not prescribe agomelatine.

Depression is a disorder of the limbic system (part of the brain that controls emotions and memory) that is categorized by abnormalities in:

  • The stress responses or HPA Axis Dysfunction. Many depressed patients have elevated CRH and cortisol, but are cortisol resistant because they have reduced cortisol receptors in the brain.
  • Circadian rhythm. Many depressed patients have a phase shift in their circadian rhythms, so they stay up later and wake up later.
  • Sleep habits and sleep cycles. Depression has a high correlation with sleep disorders such as insomnia.
  • Inflammation in the brain and the gut. This causes sickness behavior (like chronic fatigue in humans) and also affects tryptophan and serotonin energy production.
  • Reduced BDNF levels.

We think agomelatine is relevant for many SelfHacked readers and clients because, even though you are not diagnosed with depression, you likely suffer from one or a few such abnormalities.

How Agomelatine Works

Mode of action of agomelatine. Source: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pnp.123/full

Unlike other antidepressants, agomelatine helps with several aspects of depression physiology as listed above, including:

  • Restoring normal circadian rhythm, just as melatonin would
  • Reducing cortisol
  • Increasing BDNF
  • Improving sleep quality
  • Reducing inflammation in the brain due to lipopolysaccharides (a model of leaky gut) in rats

Although agomelatine is molecularly very similar to melatonin, it is more potent than melatonin because of the longer half-life.


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Agomelatine has a half-life of 2.3 hours, while melatonin has a half-life of 50 minutes. Agomelatine also binds more strongly to melatonin receptors than does melatonin itself.

By blocking 5-HT2c receptors on dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons, agomelatine elevates dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain (prefrontal cortex, but not limbic system), proving beneficial to both nootropic cognitive enhancement and treatment of depression.

Pharmaceutical agomelatine is prescribed (as Valdoxan) in 25 mg tablets, typically taken once daily at bedtime. Dosage may be adjusted to 50 mg (2 x 25 mg tablets) taken at bedtime, if agomelatine treatment has no effect after two weeks.

Antidepressant treatment using agomelatine typically lasts at least six months.

Agomelatine should not be used by elderly people (75+ years).

Common agomelatine side-effects (these affect less than 1 in 10 people)
What can I do if I experience this?
Feeling sick (nausea), diarrhoea Stick to simple foods (avoid fatty or spicy meals) and drink plenty of water
Feeling dizzy, tired or sleepy Do not drive or use tools or machines. Do not drink alcohol
Headache Ask your pharmacist to recommend a suitable painkiller. If the headache continues, speak with your doctor
Constipation, tummy (abdominal) pain Try to eat a well-balanced diet containing fresh fruit and vegetables. Drink plenty of water
Difficulty sleeping, feeling anxious, increased sweating, back pain These effects are usually mild and soon pass but if any become troublesome, speak with your doctor
Agomelatine Helps Treat Mood Disorders by Restoring Normal Circadian Rhythm

By stimulating melatonin receptors, agomelatine can resynchronize circadian rhythm with the external environment. In animal studies, agomelatine restored dysfunctional sleep/wake cycles, represented by enhanced duration of REM and slow-wave sleep after acute oral administration.

A combination of circadian rhythm restoration and selective serotonin blockers makes agomelatine a worthy treatment for mood and sleep disorders.

Agomelatine Protects the Brain by Increasing BDNF

Hippocampal BDNF enhances synaptic plasticity, which improves the brain’s ability to learn, store, and access new information.

Agomelatine increases BDNF levels in the hippocampus, thereby enhancing the survival of existing neurons and synapses, as well as the growth and production of newly generated ones.

Elevated BDNF helps prevent stress-induced impairment of visual memory and spatial learning. For this reason, agomelatine treatment may influence long-term behavioral response to stress, which can help mitigate symptoms of mood disorders and physiologically enhance the brain’s ability to cope with stressful situations.

Agomelatine also increases CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein), which helps prevent the degenerative effect of environmental stressors on the hippocampus. This neuroprotective property may contribute to agomelatine efficacy for treating mood disorders related to stress-induced deterioration of memory and mood.

Agomelatine Increases Neurotransmitter Release

By blocking the serotonergic receptor 5HT-2c, agomelatine increases norepinephrine and dopamine release, which enhances daytime motivation and helps combat the physical and mental effects of mood disorders.

Some aspects of agomelatine antidepressant characteristics may also be attributed to these pro-cognitive or nootropic benefits.

Agomelatine Reduces Anxiety Symptoms

Agomelatine may be used as an adjunctive treatment for depression-related anxiety symptoms. In clinical studies, agomelatine demonstrated the ability to improve anxiety symptoms within major depression, proving superior to both placebo and comparable depression medication.

Agomelatine may also treat generalized anxiety disorders (those not linked to depression).

In a study involving over 400 patients over the course of 12 weeks, agomelatine was shown to be as effective as escitalopram in mitigating anxiety symptoms and had less adverse effects as a result of its novel mechanism of action.

Agomelatine Helps with Neuropathic Pain

Due to the neurological causes of neuropathy, antidepressants (not painkillers) are among the go-to treatments for otherwise treatment-resistant neuropathic pain. Melatonin, serotonin, and norepinephrine play a major role in neuropathic pain disorders.

Melatonin reduces pain by simultaneously stimulating melatonin receptors and blocking specific serotonin receptors in rodents.

Agomelatine also reduced symptoms of pain hypersensitivity and abnormal pain sensation (from touch and temperature) in diabetic rats. Agomelatine ultimately restored pain sensitivity and response in the diabetic rats to the levels of non-diabetic control rats.

Agomelatine may even treat neuropathic pain in fibromyalgia cases that have previously been unresponsive to medical treatment, due to its blocking of serotonergic receptor 5HT-2C.

Agomelatine Improves Bone Health and Muscle Strength

Inflammatory cytokines are produced by cells to initiate localized inflammation and immune responses and maintain bone balance.

Uncontrolled amounts of inflammatory cytokines impair generation of important bone cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone restoration and maintenance.

High amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α may even weaken bones and ultimately lead to osteoporosis, arthritis, bone erosion, cartilage degradation, and even gum disease.

Agomelatine reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

By suppressing these potentially harmful cytokines, agomelatine helps keep bones healthy and prevents loss of bone density.

Agomelatine consistently raises both IGF-1 and growth hormone levels by stimulating melatonin receptors, which regulate hormone secretion during sleep. This is beneficial not only to healthy bone development, but also for prevention of bone loss and muscle atrophy.

By increasing IGF-1 and growth hormone secretion, while simultaneously reducing catabolic proinflammatory cytokines, agomelatine may even enhance muscle strength. Rodents treated with agomelatine showed an increase in muscle strength and density after five weeks of treatment.

Agomelatine Protects Mitochondria from Oxidative Stress

Agomelatine offers similar antioxidant and mitochondrial benefits due to its chemical similarity to melatonin. It also has a longer half-life, better oral bioavailability, and higher affinity for melatonergic receptors than melatonin itself.

Agomelatine’s potent antioxidant properties enhance natural elimination of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a dangerous mitochondrial toxin that causes neuromuscular disorders.

3-NPA toxicity usually occurs as a result of prolonged ingestion of slightly moldy crops (like sugarcane or peanuts). 3-NPA causes health problems such as weight loss, motor impairment, and learning-memory deficits.

Agomelatine Reduces Inflammation from Leaky Gut

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is a bacterial toxin that can leak into the bloodstream when there is leaky gut. It can cause inflammation and metabolic problems like insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and heart diseases.

In rats, chronic treatment with agomelatine reduces the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 induced by LPS. The same study also finds deactivation of NF-kB, the protein that turns on inflammatory responses in the immune system.

The study found that the inflammatory cytokines decreased both in the brain and throughout the body. Interestingly, Nattha also (unexpectedly) discovered that agomelatine helped with eczema during the day following agomelatine use.

 

 

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Amitriptyline belongs to a group of medicines known as tricyclic antidepressants. It has been traditionally prescribed for the treatment of depression, although it is rarely used for this nowadays as other medicines are usually prescribed in preference to it.


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Although amitriptyline is only licensed for use in depression, it is commonly prescribed ‘off-licence’ to help ease certain types of nerve pain, and also to help prevent migraines. Current medical practice supports the use of amitriptyline for these reasons, but if you have any questions about your treatment, it is important that you ask your doctor.


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An antidepressant medication. In some patients with depression, abnormal levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters may relate to the depression. Amitriptyline elevates mood by raising the level of neurotransmitters in brain tissue. Amitriptyline is also a sedative that is useful for depressed patients with insomnia, restlessness, and nervousness. It is sometimes used to treat fibromyalgia and symptoms related to chronic pain. Brand names are Elavil and Endep. A generic version is available.

Amitriptyline comes in a tablet form.

The recommended dose is 100-300 milligrams (mg) for most adults, and 25 mg for elderly patients. The initial dose is typically between 50-100 mg.

This medicine can be taken with or without food.

If you miss a dose of amitriptyline, take it as soon as you remember, unless it’s almost time for your next dose.

Then you should skip the missed dose and continue on your regular medication schedule.

Do not double up on doses to make up for a missed one.

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Carisoprodol, a muscle relaxant, is used with rest, physical therapy, and other measures to relax muscles and relieve pain and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, and other muscle injuries.

 It is typically prescribed to relieve pain caused by muscle injuries like strains and sprains. This drug comes in tablet form and is taken by mouth, often several times a day when treating an injury. This medication is typically combined with physical therapy and other treatments in order to treat muscle pain. However, some people become addicted to carisoprodol and use it other than how it is intended.

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The primary indications for cyclobenzaprine, metaxolone, methocarbamol, and carisoprodol are acute painful musculoskeletal conditions. Baclofen and tizanidine are indicated for spasticity associated with UMN disorders, but are frequently used off-label for painful musculoskeletal conditions. Diazepam is indicated for UMN muscle spasticity and local painful musculoskeletal spasm, as well as anxiety. Because the true mechanism of action on muscle spasm is unknown, the sedating side effects are often used to improve sleep. Muscle relaxants are mostly used for acute LBP or acute exacerbations of CLBP, rather than prolonged CLBP.


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Patients with CLBP who are most likely to experience improvements with common analgesics are those without any contraindications or sensitivities to a specific medication, and without risk factors for chronicity such as psychological dysfunction, financial disincentives, or poor social support systems. Given that most of these medications are used only to address symptoms and do not affect any structural changes to the lumbosacral area, they are perhaps best used during acute exacerbations of CLBP rather than on an ongoing basis. The ideal CLBP patient for this type of intervention should also be willing to engage in an active intervention such as therapeutic exercise to address possible physical contributors to their condition.

  • The recommended dose of carisoprodol is 250 or 350 mg three times daily and at bedtime.
  • The recommended treatment duration is 2 to 3 weeks.
  • To avoid withdrawal symptoms, carisoprodol should be stopped gradually if it has been used for a long duration.
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Tramadol is a synthetic (man-made) pain reliever (analgesic). Researchers and doctors do not know the exact mechanism of action of tramadol, but it is similar to morphine. Like morphine, tramadol binds to receptors in the brain (narcotic or opioid receptors) that are important for transmitting the sensation of pain from throughout the body to the brain.


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Like other narcotics used to treat pain, patients taking tramadol may abuse the drug and become addicted to it.

Tramadol is not a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), therefore, it does not have the increased risk of stomach ulcers and internal bleeding that can occur with NSAIDs.

Tramadol, a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic. Although its
mode of action is not completely understood, from animal tests, at least two complementary mechanisms appear applicable: binding of parent and M1 metabolite to μ-opioid receptors and weak inhibition of re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Tramadol has been shown to inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in vitro, as  have some other opioid analgesics. These mechanisms may contribute independently to the overall analgesic profile of ULTRAM®. Analgesia in humans begins approximately within one hour after administration and reaches a peak in approximately two to three hours.


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Apart from analgesia, ULTRAM® administration may produce a constellation of symptoms (including dizziness, somnolence, nausea, constipation, sweating and pruritus) similar to that of other opioids. In contrast to morphine, tramadol has not been shown to cause histamine release. At therapeutic doses, ULTRAM® has no effect on heart rate, left-ventricular function or cardiac index. Orthostatic hypotension has been observed.

This is a typical dosing schedule for someone just starting to take tramadol regular-release tablets:

  • Your doctor will most likely start with 25 milligrams (mg) each morning.
  • That may increase by separate doses of 25 mg every three days to reach a maximum dose of 100 mg a day (25 mg, four times a day), depending on how much the medication is relieving your pain.
  • If necessary, your doctor may increase by separate doses of 50 mg every three days to reach a maximum of 200 mg a day (50 mg, four times a day).
  • A normal adult dose should not go above 400 mg a day.
  • For someone with cirrhosis (liver damage), the daily dose should not be above 100 mg in a 24-hour period.
  • For someone with kidney disease, the daily dose should not be above 200 mg.
  • For someone older than 75, the daily dose should not be above 200 mg.

 

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, or headache may occur. Some of these side effects may decrease after you have been using this medication for a while. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

To prevent constipation, eat a diet adequate in fiber, drink plenty of water, and exercise. Ask your pharmacist for help in selecting a laxative (such as a stimulant type with stool softener).

To reduce the risk of dizziness and lightheadedness, get up slowly when rising from a sitting or lying position.

 

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Topiramate is used alone or with other medications to treat certain types of seizures including primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as a grand mal seizure; seizure that involves the entire body) and partial onset seizures (seizures that involve only one part of the brain). Topiramate is also used with other medications to control seizures in people who have Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (a disorder that causes seizures and developmental delays). Topiramate is also used to prevent migraine headaches but not to relieve the pain of migraine headaches when they occur. Topiramate is in a class of medications called anticonvulsants. It works by decreasing abnormal excitement in the brain.


According to the Topamax package insert, weight loss is one of the drug’s most common side effects. However, weight gain is also a side effect of TopamaxWeight loss in patients taking Topamax appears to be dose-dependent — that is, higher doses of Topamax cause more weight loss.


Psychiatrists have used topiramate to treat bipolar disorder, although the available evidence does not support its use in any phase of bipolar disorder treatment. A more recent review, published in 2010, suggested a benefit of topiramate in the treatment of symptoms of borderline personality disorder, however the authors note that this was based only on one randomized controlled trial and requires replication. Also the authors noted that the long-term effects have not been studied.

Topiramate has been used as a treatment for alcoholism. The VA/DoD 2015 guideline on substance use disorders lists topiramate as a “strong for” in its recommendations for alcohol use disorder.


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Divalproex sodium dissociates to the valproate ion in the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms by which valproate exerts its therapeutic effects have not been established. It has been suggested that its activity in epilepsy is related to increased brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


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Divalproex sodium is a valproate and is indicated for the treatment of the manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder. A manic episode is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Typical symptoms of mania include pressure of speech, motor hyperactivity, reduced need for sleep, flight of ideas, grandiosity, poor judgment, aggressiveness, and possible hostility.


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Divalproex sodium delayed-release tablets are intended for oral administration. Divalproex sodium delayed-release tablets should be swallowed whole and should not be crushed or chewed.

Patients should be informed to take divalproex sodium delayed-release tablets every day as prescribed. If a dose is missed it should be taken as soon as possible, unless it is almost time for the next dose. If a dose is skipped, the patient should not double the next dose.

Common side effects of divalproex include:

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This medication is used to treat pain caused by nerve damage due to diabetes or shingles(herpes zoster) infection.

Pregabalin belongs to a class of drugs called anticonvulsants. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way. These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions.

It isn’t known exactly how pregabalin works. It’s believed to work by calming the damaged or overactive nerves in your body that may cause pain or seizures.

The mechanism of action of pregabalin. Pregabalin modulates hyperexcited neurons via the following mechanism: Pregabalin binds to presynaptic neurons at the alpha2-delta (α 2-δ) subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. Drug binding reduces calcium influx into presynaptic terminals. Decreased calcium influx reduces excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, substance P, noradrenaline) from Shim, Hanyang Med Rev 2011 with permission.


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Dosage for shingles (nerve pain due to herpes zoster)

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

  • Typical starting dosage: 75–150 mg taken two times per day, or 50–100 mg taken three times per day (for a total of 150–300 mg per day).
  • Dosage increases: Your doctor will adjust your dosage based on your response to this drug.
  • Maximum dosage: 300 mg taken two times per day, or 200 mg taken three times per day (for a total of 600 mg per day).

Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, and weight gain may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: vision changes (such as blurred vision), unusual bleeding/bruising, muscle pain/tenderness/weakness (especially with fever or unusual tiredness), swelling hands/ankles/feet.

A small number of people who take anticonvulsants for any condition (such as seizure, bipolar disorder, pain) may experience depression, suicidal thoughts/attempts, or other mental/mood problems. Tell your doctor right away if you or your family/caregiver notice any unusual/sudden changes in your mood, thoughts, or behavior such as signs of depression, suicidal thoughts/attempts, thoughts about harming yourself.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

 

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Lenalidomide is a medicine used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes and mantle cell lymphoma, which are conditions affecting blood cells and bone marrow.

In multiple myeloma, a cancer of a type of white blood cells called plasma cells, Lenalidomide is used:

on its own, in adults who have had a stem cell transplant (a procedure where the patient’s bone marrow is cleared of cells and replaced by stem cells from a donor) to stop the progression of the cancer;
in combination with dexamethasone (an anti-inflammatory medicine), for the treatment of adults with previously untreated (newly diagnosed) multiple myeloma, who cannot have stem cell transplantation;
in combination with melphalan (a cancer medicine) and prednisone (an anti-inflammatory medicine) for the treatment of adults with previously untreated multiple myeloma, who cannot have stem cell transplantation;
in combination with dexamethasone, in adults whose disease has been treated at least once in the past.
In myelodysplastic syndromes, a group of bone marrow disorders that cause anaemia (low red blood cell counts), Lenalidomide is used for patients who need blood transfusions to manage their anaemia. In some cases, myelodysplastic syndromes can lead to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML, a type of cancer affecting white blood cells). Lenalidomide is used in patients who have a genetic abnormality (called deletion 5q) and are at a lower risk of AML, and it is used when other treatments are not adequate.

In mantle cell lymphoma, a blood cancer that affects a type of white blood cell called B lymphocytes, Lenalidomide is used in adults whose disease has come back after treatment, or does not improve with treatment.

Lenalidomide maintenance therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) demonstrated prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) versus placebo or observation in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). All studies had PFS as the primary end point, and none were powered for overall survival (OS) as a primary end point. Thus, a meta-analysis was conducted to better understand the impact of lenalidomide maintenance in this setting.

The meta-analysis was conducted using primary-source patient-level data and documentation from three RCTs (Cancer and Leukemia Group B 100104, Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’Adulto RV-MM-PI-209, and Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome 2005-02) that met the following prespecified inclusion criteria: an RCT in patients with NDMM receiving ASCT followed by lenalidomide maintenance versus placebo or observation with patient-level data available and achieved database lock for primary efficacy analysis.

Overall, 1,208 patients were included in the meta-analysis (605 patients in the lenalidomide maintenance group and 603 in the placebo or observation group). The median PFS was 52.8 months for the lenalidomide group and 23.5 months for the placebo or observation group (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.55). At a median follow-up time of 79.5 months for all surviving patients, the median OS had not been reached for the lenalidomide maintenance group, whereas it was 86.0 months for the placebo or observation group (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.90; P = .001). The cumulative incidence rate of a second primary malignancy before disease progression was higher with lenalidomide maintenance versus placebo or observation, whereas the cumulative incidence rates of progression, death, or death as a result of myeloma were all higher with placebo or observation versus lenalidomide maintenance.

Lenalidomide is available as capsules (5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and 25 mg) to be taken by mouth. The medicine can only be obtained with a prescription and treatment must be monitored by doctors who have experience in the use of cancer medicines.

Lenalidomide is taken in repeated 28-day cycles: the patient takes the medicine once a day on certain days over 28 days. Depending on the day, the patient may take one or more medicines or may not take any medicines.

The dose depends on the disease Lenalidomide is used to treat. The dose should be reduced or treatment interrupted depending on whether the disease has worsened, the severity of any side effects and the levels of platelets (components that help the blood to clot) and neutrophils (a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection). A lower dose should be used in patients who have moderate or more severe reduction in their kidney function.

 

Important things to remember about the side effects of Lenalidomide:

  • You will not get all of the side effects mentioned below.
  • Side effects are often predictable in terms of their onset, duration, and severity.
  • Side effects are almost always reversible and will go away after therapy is complete.
  • Side effects are quite manageable. There are many options to minimize or prevent them.

The following side effects are common (occurring in greater than 30%) for patients taking Lenalidomide:

 

  • Low blood counts . Your white blood cells and platelets may temporarily decrease. This can put you at increased risk for infection and/or bleeding.  Blood counts are monitored closely and dose adjustments may be necessary.
  • Diarrhea
  • Itching
  • Rash
  • Fatigue, tiredness

These are less common side effects for patients receiving Lenalidomide:

  • Constipation
  • Nausea
  • Sore throat
  • Generalized aches and pains
  • Fever
  • Back pain
  • Swelling of ankles or feet
  • Cough
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Muscle cramps
  • Shortness of breath
  • Generalized weakness
  • Nose bleed
  • Infection
  • Dry skin
  • Anemia (low red blood cell count)
  • Pneumonia
  • Low potassium
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Poor appetite
  • Vomiting

A rare, but serious side effect of Lenalidomide is blood clots, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus (PE).  You should seek emergency help and notify your health care provider immediately if you develop sudden chest pain and shortness of breath.  Notify your health care provider within 24 hours if you notice leg or arm swelling, redness, pain and/or skin warm to touch (signs and symptoms of possible blood clot)..

Not all side effects are listed above. Some that are rare (occurring in less than 10% of patients) are not listed here. However, you should always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms.

 

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Gleevec is the trade name for the generic drug name Imatinib Mesylate. STI-571 is another name for Imatinib Mesylate. In some cases, health care professionals may use the trade name Gleevec or other name STI-571 when referring to the generic drug name Imatinib Mesylate.


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Imatinib Mesylate is a targeted therapy. Imatinib Mesylate is classified as a signal transduction inhibitor – protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Targeted therapy is the result of about 100 years of research dedicated to understanding the differences between cancer cells and normal cells.  To date, cancer treatment has focused primarily on killing rapidly dividing cells because one feature of cancer cells is that divide rapidly.  Unfortunately, some of our normal cells divide rapidly too, causing multiple side effects.

Targeted therapy is about identifying other features of cancer cells.  Scientists look for specific differences in the cancer cells and the normal cells.  This information is used to create a targeted therapy to attack the cancer cells without damaging the normal cells, thus leading to fewer side effects.  Each type of targeted therapy works a little bit differently but all interfere with the ability of the cancer cell to grow, divide, repair and/or communicate with other cells.


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There are different types of targeted therapies, defined in three broad categories.  Some targeted therapies focus on the internal components and function of the cancer cell.  The targeted therapies use small molecules that can get into the cell and disrupt the function of the cells, causing them to die.  There are several types of targeted therapy that focus on the inner parts of the cells.   Other targeted therapies target receptors that are on the outside of the cell.   Therapies that target receptors are also known as monoclonal antibodies.  Antiangiogenesis inhibitors target the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the cells, ultimately causing the cells to starve.

Research continues to identify which cancers may be best treated with targeted therapies and to identify additional targets for more types of cancer.

Imatinib mesylate belongs to the signal transduction inhibitor category of targeted therapies.  It is particularly a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

  • Imatinib mesylate is a pill, taken by mouth, once or twice daily.
  • Imatinib mesylate should be taken with a large glass of water, after a meal.
  • The amount of Imatinib mesylate that you will receive depends on many factors, including your general health or other health problems, and the type of cancer or condition being treated.  Your doctor will determine your dose and schedule.

Important things to remember about the side effects of Imatinib mesylate:

  • Most people do not experience all of the side effects listed.
  • Side effects are often predictable in terms of their onset and duration.
  • Side effects are almost always reversible and will go away after treatment is complete.
  • There are many options to help minimize or prevent side effects.
  • There is no relationship between the presence or severity of side effects and the effectiveness of the medication.
  • The side effects of Imatinib mesylate and their severity depend on how much of the drug is given.  In other words, high doses may produce more severe side effects.

The following side effects are common (occurring in greater than 30%) for patients taking Imatinib mesylate:

  • Low blood counts.  Your white and red blood cells and platelets may temporarily decrease.  This can put you at increased risk for infection, anemia and/or bleeding.
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Edema (swelling of the face, feet, hands)
  • Muscle cramps and bone pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Hemorrhage (see bleeding problems)
  • Skin rash (see skin reactions)
  • Fever

These side effects are less common side effects (occurring in about 10-29%) of patients receiving Imatinib mesylate:

  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain
  • Indigestion (see heartburn)
  • Abdominal pain
  • Cough
  • Shortness of breath
  • Poor appetite
  • Constipation
  • Night sweats (see skin reactions)
  • Nose bleeds (see bleeding problems)
  • Weakness
  • Your fertility, meaning your ability to conceive or father a child, may be affected by Imatinib mesylate.  Please discuss this issue with your health care provider.

rare, but potentially serious side effect of Imatinib mesylate is liver toxicity.  There may be elevations in transaminase, bilirubin, and lactate dehydrogenase.

Not all side effects are listed above. Some that are rare (occurring in less than 10% of patients) are not listed here.  However, you should always inform your health care provider if you experience any unusual symptoms.

 

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Tadalafil is an oral drug that is used for treating impotence (the inability to attain or maintain a penile erection) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is in a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors that also includes sildenafil (Viagra) and vardenafil (Levitra).

Tadalista contains an active ingredient tadalafil, globally known as Generic Tadalafil. Tadalista (Generic Tadalafil 20 mg, 10 mg and 5 mg tablets) is an oral medication for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men. We can ship generic Cialis, Tadalista in to USA, UK, AU, with traceable shipping.

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The mechanism whereby tadalafil improves the symptoms of BPH is not clear, but phosphodiesterase-5 also is present in the muscles of the bladder and the prostate, and it has been suggested that the relaxation of these muscles may make the passage of urine less difficult, for example, by reducing the pressure in the muscle surrounding the opening to the urethra that controls the flow of urine from the bladder. Tadalafil was approved by the FDA in November 2003.

The medication can start working in as little as 30 minutes, so it’s also possible to have spontaneous sexual encounters. Tadalista can treat mild, moderate, and severe erection problems. It can be taken with or without food, so it is easy to use Tadalista as a part of daily life.

The most common side effects with Tadalista:

  • headache,
  • indigestion,
  • back pain,
  • muscle aches,
  • flushing,
  • stuffy
  • runny nose.

These side effects usually go away after a few hours.

 

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Active substance Tadalafil
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DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhotos

Tadarise is one of the best generic brands of Cialis – Tadalafil, is active ingredient a PDE5-inhibitor that assures that when a man is sexually aroused his penis receives a steady flow of blood to the cavernous tissue of the penis for as long as needed, i.e. until the ejaculation.

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Tadalafil relaxes muscles of the blood vessels and increases blood flow to particular areas of the body.

Tadalafil under the name of Cialis is used to treat erectile dysfunction (impotence) and symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (enlarged prostate). Another brand of tadalafil is Adcirca, which is used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and improve exercise capacity in men and women.

You should take one Tadarise tablets 20mg with a glass of water approximately 25-60 minutes before sexual activity with or without food.  The effect of Tadarise tablets 20mg can last as long as 4-5 hours after taking your tablet.  You should take no more than one tablet a day and only if you plan to have sex.

The most common side effects with Tadarise:

  • headache,
  • indigestion,
  • back pain,
  • muscle aches,
  • flushing,
  • stuffy
  • runny nose.

These side effects usually go away after a few hours.

 

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Active substance Tadalafil
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Vidalista is brand of Centurion laboratories manufactured in India. It contains Tadalafil as salt. which helps in relaxation of muscles and erectile dysfunction. Our company offer to delivery Vidalista ro your address in USA, AU, UK, Europe, just contact us for best india prices to Vidalista.

It’s the only medication proven to treat ED issues for as long as 36 hours.

Tadalafil is an orally adminstered drug used to treat male erectile dysfunction (impotence). It is marketed worldwide under the brand name Cialis. It is a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. Tadalafil’s distinguishing pharmacologic feature is its longer half-life (17.5 hours) compared with Viagra and Levitra (4-5 hours). This longer half-life results in a longer duration of action and is, in part, responsible for the Cialis nickname of the “weekend pill.” This longer half-life also is the basis of current investigation for tadalafil’s use in pulmonary arterial hypertension as a once-daily therapy.

The maximum recommended dosing frequency is once per day. Vidalista may be taken between 30 minutes and 36 hours prior to anticipated sexual activity.

Take it 3 to 4 hours before. Once taken it, do not take it again within 48 hours. Its effectiveness lasts 36 hours. It can be taken with or without food.

The most common side effects:

  • headache,
  • indigestion,
  • back pain,
  • muscle aches,
  • flushing,
  • stuffy
  • runny nose.

These side effects usually go away after a few hours.

 

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Active substance Tadalafil
US Brand Cialis
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Shipping time 7 – 18 days
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DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhotos
Tadacip 20mg Tablet is a phosphodiesterase (PDE-5) inhibitor. It works in erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis by relaxing the muscles in penile blood vessels. It works in pulmonary hypertension by relaxing the blood vessels in the lungs to allow blood to flow more easily.

Tadacip is ideal for men who suffer from  impotence or who occasionally feel their sex life suffers because of their erection problems. Tadacip from Cipla is the strongest available dosage on the marker, fit to suit any man’s needs.

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The maximum recommended dosing frequency is once per day. Tadacip may be taken between 30 minutes and 36 hours prior to anticipated sexual activity.

Patients may initiate sexual activity at varying time points relative to dosing in order to determine their own optimal window of responsiveness. 

Tadacip 20 mg by Cipla may cause some unpleasant side effects.

The most common side effects with Tadacip by Cipla:

Headache,

Indigestion,

Back pain,

Muscle aches,

Flushing,

Stuffy

Runny nose.

These side effects usually go away after a few hours.

 

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Active substance Sildenafil Citrate
US Brand Viagra
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DescriptionDosageSide EffectsPhotos

Malegra helps man to ocevercome the problem of frequent erectile failure problem.  Malegra made by Sunrise remedies Established in the year 1993 at Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India. Malegra made by trusted company.


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After being introduced in 1998, Malegra 100mg became the most popular treatment for erectile dysfunction issues. Malegra 100mg is a fast-acting medication that can last up to four hours. It works well for men at any age, regardless of how long the patient has been having issues getting and maintaining an erection.

Sildenafil relaxes muscles found in the walls of blood vessels and increases blood flow to particular areas of the body.

Sildenafil under the name Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction (impotence) in men.

Doctors usually recommend taking 100 mg  per day. Do not take more than one dose every 24 hours.

Typical side effects include headache, stomach upset, vision problems, dizziness, light sensitivity, flushed skin, and rashes.

 

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Active substance Sildenafil Citrate
US Brand Viagra
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Suhagra is the old brand from Cipla, wich is fully compability with original brand, Suhagra is the first generic drand from India for US brand Viagra.

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Suhagra 100mg, is using by mans for treatment erectile disfunction. Its active ingredient is Sildenafil Citrate. It affects the response to sexual stimulation. Using a chemical called nitric oxide it enhances smooth muscle relaxation which allows increase blood flow into your penis to achieve and maintain erection.

We offer best way to receive package Suhagra from us, send reques and we will touch you in shortly with best prices for Suhagra and shipping prices. We offer fully guarantee on all order process, as soon as you will receive the package. We can ship Suhagra to each address in USA, UK, Australia, Europe, Asia. We offer discounts if you will pay using cryptocurrency.

For problems related to erectile dysfunction, you should take them only when you need it, probably half an hour to one hour before any sexual activity. You should not take this medication more than once in a day in this regard.

The common side effects of Suhagra 100 MG Tablet are dizziness, headache, blurred vision, stuffy nose, pain in the back or in the muscles, stomach upset, trouble sleeping, etc.

 

 

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Active substance Sildenafil Citrate
US Brand Viagra
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Cenforce is effectiveness for treating sexual dysfunction of the mans. Cenforce is the one of the bestsellers generic India brand of Viagra. Cenforce about 5 years on the market, and customers trust Cenforce.

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Sildenafil functions as a selective and competitive inhibitor of type 5 phosphodiesterases (PDE5) on smooth muscle cells in the penis and pulmonary vasculature, and is used extensively for erectile dysfunction and less commonly for pulmonary hypertension. Sildenafil has been associated with rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury.

Sildenafil citrate 50 mg is the recommended starting dose for men with erectile dysfunction (ED); however, most men are later titrated to sildenafil 100 mg for improved efficacy.

  • warmth or redness in the face, neck, or chest,
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  • nausea,
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  • an inability to differentiate between the colors green and blue,
  • loss of hearing,
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Aurogra is the 100% of Sildenafil, sold as the main brand name Viagra among others, is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Its effectiveness for treating sexual dysfunction for man’s.

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Dosage Information

For most patients, the recommended dose is 50 mg taken, as needed, approximately 1 hour before sexual activity. However, VIAGRA may be taken anywhere from 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual activity. The maximum recommended dosing frequency is once per day.

Based on effectiveness and toleration, the dose may be increased to a maximum recommended dose of 100 mg or decreased to 25 mg.

Use With Food

VIAGRA may be taken with or without food.

The most common adverse reactions reported in clinical trials ( > 2%) are headache, flushing, dyspepsia, abnormal vision, nasal congestion, back pain, myalgia, nausea, dizziness, and rash.